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item> }}\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\footerl \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\pvpara\phmrg\posxr\posy0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2097578 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24\alang1033 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033
{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\insrsid3232649 PAGE }}{\fldrslt }}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\insrsid3232649
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri360\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin360\lin0\itap0\pararsid1520143 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3232649
\par }}{\footerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\pvpara\phmrg\posxr\posy0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2097578 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24\alang1033 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\f24\fs20\insrsid3232649\charrsid1520143 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs27\f24\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid87638 29}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\insrsid3232649\charrsid1520143
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri360\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin360\lin0\itap0\pararsid1520143 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3232649
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3897185 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24\alang1033 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f24\insrsid10584018 DIY design: How crowdsourcing sites are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid4401728 challenging traditional}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid10584018 design practice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f24\insrsid3616895\charrsid4940787
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3232649
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3897185 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3232649 Adrienne L. Massanari
\par University of Illinois-Chicago
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16455180 hegemonyrules@gmail.com}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3232649
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3897185 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15293994
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid15293994\charrsid6258007 Abstract
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16410686\charrsid16410686 This article analyzes the current debate over crowdsourced/do-it-yourself (DIY) design. Specificall
y, it highlights underlying tensions between discourse within the professional graphic design and interactive design fields and an increasingly sophisticated and global community of DIY designers who are challenging their professional norms and practices.
Through an exploration of these sites\rquote approach to intellectual property, design education, compensation, and community, I explain how crowdsourcing companies discursively frame }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16410686
(and challenge) traditional design}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16410686\charrsid16410686 practice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16410686 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16410686\charrsid16410686
. I also offer specific recommendations as to how crowdsourcing sites and the professional design community might coexist more peacefully.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16410686 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6258007
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1901457
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid3897185 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid1901457\charrsid1901457 Introduction
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15139093 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10306509 While scholars h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10306509\charrsid9251846 ave considered the productive nature of \u8220\'d2
amateurs\u8221\'d3 and their critical role in knowledge production }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9251846\charrsid9251846 ADDIN EN.CITE Niederer2010399cf. (cf. Niederer and van Dijck, 2010; Shirky, 2008, 2010)39939917Niederer, Sabinevan Dijck, Jos\u233\'8e
Wisdom of the crowd or technic
ity of content? Wikipedia as a sociotechnical systemNew Media & SocietyNew Media & Society1368-13871282010Shirky20083863863866Clay ShirkyHere comes everybody: The power of organizing without organizations2008New YorkPenguin BooksShirky20103853853856Shirky, ClayCognitive surplus: Creativity and generosity in a connected age<
year>2010New YorkThe Penguin Press}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9251846\charrsid9251846 (cf. }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_54" \\o "Niederer, 2010 #399" }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00350034000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9251846 Niederer and van Dijck, 2010}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9251846\charrsid9251846 ; }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_64" \\o "Shirky, 2008 #386" }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00360034000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9251846 Shirky, 2008}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9251846\charrsid9251846 , }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_65" \\o "Shirky, 2010 #385" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00360035000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9251846 2010}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9251846\charrsid9251846 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12536652\charrsid9251846 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9251846\charrsid9251846 few have discussed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid15139093 how the blurring lines between amateurs and experts are changing professional fields. For example,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9251846 w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10306509 hat do we make of the }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15139093 professional designer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10306509 in this new economy? While Web 2.0 may encourage a global culture of par}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid16650593 ticipation, it may also relegate expertise}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10306509 to the margins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12536652 in favor of amateur labor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid16650593 ing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12536652 . In the guise of democratizing and demystifying graphic design work, for example, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13582979 a numb
er of companies offer their services as marketplaces where }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4547213 \u8220\'d2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13582979 creatives}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4547213 \u8221\'d3}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13582979 (designers) can find pote}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13582979\charrsid5529055 ntial clients, and businesses can outsource their design needs efficiently and cost-effectively. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9068749
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4861655 In this piece, I consider}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11747267\charrsid5529055 the increasingly prevalence and popularity of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid13582979\charrsid5529055 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16474205\charrsid5529055 crowdsourcing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12016429\charrsid5529055 design and competition sites}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5529055\charrsid5529055 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12016429\charrsid5529055 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6035578\charrsid5529055 These }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16650593
spaces}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6035578\charrsid5529055 thrive on an increasingly digitally literate population who }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2822505\charrsid5529055 has}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid6035578\charrsid5529055 access to inexpensive desig}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6035578 n tools that encourage student and amateur designe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2822505 rs to learn t}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12918186 heir craft by entering contests and soliciting fee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12217253 dback from community members}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10306509 . }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11414773 As one }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5529055 of CrowdS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9251846 PRING}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5529055 \rquote s founders argues}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11414773 , \u8220\'d2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5529055 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11414773\charrsid11414773 The beau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid11414773 ty of our site is that it doesn\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11414773\charrsid11414773 t matter if you have a degree from the Rhode Is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11414773
land School of Design or if you\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11414773\charrsid11414773 re a grandma in Tennessee with a bunch of free time and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\f24\insrsid11414773\charrsid11414773 Adobe}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11414773\charrsid11414773 \u8230\'c9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11414773 \rquote \u8221\'d3 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4202805
ADDIN EN.CITE Steiner2009333(Steiner, 2009)33333312Steiner, ChristopherThe creativity of crowds201215 June<
dates>200922 JanuaryForbes.comhttp://www.forbes.com/forbes/2009/0216/062.html}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_68" \\
o "Steiner, 2009 #333" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00360038000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Steiner, 2009}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10306509 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11414773 Thus, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12217253 hese }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15406125 spaces}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12217253 represent a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12918186
shift away from the notion that designers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9203264 require formal training }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12217253 towards a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5529055
do-it-yourself (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12217253 DIY}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5529055 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12217253 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8409754 approach}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12217253 , whereby }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4940787 design sensibilities are developed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8477634 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid5529055 and through conversation with other amateurs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid151443 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11414773 \endash potentially democratizing what some }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid5529055 consider}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11414773 a \u8220\'d2snooty\u8221\'d3 profession }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4202805
ADDIN EN.CITE Steiner2009333(Steiner, 2009)33333312Steiner, ChristopherThe creativ
i
ty of crowds201215 June200922 JanuaryForbes.comhttp://www.forbes.com/forbes/2009/0216/062.ht
ml}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_68" \\o "Steiner, 2009 #333" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00360038000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Steiner, 2009}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11414773 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5256169 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11414773
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8145182 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6035578 At the same}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2822505 time, crowdsourced design is not without its detractors}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12655279 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2822505 Most notably, professional design organizations, such as AIGA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15810586 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5256169 ADDIN EN.CITE Gref\u233\'8e2009132(Gref\u233\'8e
, 2009)13213212Gref\u233\'8e
, RichardWhat is AIGA\rquote s position on spec work? And how are ethical standards determined?201215 May200927 MayAIGAhttp://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/what-is-aigas-position-on-spec-work-and-ethical-standards}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_42" \\o "Gref\u233\'8e, 2009 #132" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00340032000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Gref\u233\'8e, 2009}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9518565
and the Society of Graphic Designers of Canada (GDC) }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5256169 ADDIN EN.CITE 201017("About
Contests and Speculative Work," 2010)171712
<
titles>About Contests and Speculative Work201215 July2010GDC.nethttp://www.gdc.net/business/ethics_and_professional_pract
ice/articles186.php}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_8" \\o ", 2010 #17" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000008000000090000005f0045004e005200450046005f0038000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 "About Contests and Speculative Work," 2010}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid2822505 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10052405 as well as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2822505 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9517552 individual design bloggers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2822505 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5256169 ADDIN EN.CITE Pfiffner2009281(Pfiffner, 2009; Potts, 2008; Airey, 2008)28128112Pfiffner, Pamela Spec Work and Crowdsourcing: Gambles that Don't Pay Off201215 May200927 AprilCreativePro.comhttp://www.creativepro.com/article/spec-work-and-crowdsourcing-gambles-dont-pay
Potts200828528528512<
a
uthor>Potts, Kevin99designs: Bullshit 2.0201215 July20086 Aprilht
t
p://www.graphicpush.com/99designs-bullshit-20Airey200821212112Airey, DavidThe reality of logo design contests201215 May
20088 Decemberhttp://www.logodesignlove.com/logo-design-contests}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_57" \\o "Pfiffner, 2009 #281" }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00350037000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Pfiffner, 2009}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 ; }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_59" \\o "Potts, 2008 #285" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796
{\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00350039000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Potts, 2008}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 ; }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796
HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_13" \\o "Airey, 2008 #21" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00310033000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Airey, 2008}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9517552 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7081933 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2822505 argue that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10052405 companies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8151475 }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10052405 engaging in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8151475 speculative}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10052405 (spec) work are negatively impacting the industry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12655279 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10052405 They suggest these contests often }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid331374 encourage }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10052405 sub-par }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid331374 final products}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10052405 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid331374
as they have been designed with little attention to the formal processes that most professional designers employ (such as concepting,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1918954 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid331374
research, sketching, etc.)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1918954 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4547213 ADDIN EN.CITE Lawson2006196(Lawson, 2006)1961966
<
/ref-type>Lawson, BryanHow Designers Think: The Design Process Demystified4th2006OxfordArchitectural Press}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_48" \\o "Lawson, 2006 #196" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00340038000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Lawson, 2006}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10306509 . }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12918186
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8145182 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2042427\charrsid16410686 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12918186\charrsid16410686 his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid10248800\charrsid16410686 article}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12918186\charrsid16410686 analyzes th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4940787\charrsid16410686 e current debate over }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14680867\charrsid16410686 crowdsourced/}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4940787\charrsid16410686 DIY design}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12655279\charrsid16410686 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid4940787\charrsid16410686 Specifically, it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7081933\charrsid16410686 highlights underlying tensions between discourse within the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid151443\charrsid16410686 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16474205\charrsid16410686 professional }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid151443\charrsid16410686 graphic design and interactive design}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7081933\charrsid16410686 field}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid151443\charrsid16410686 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7081933\charrsid16410686 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid2106175\charrsid16410686 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid151443\charrsid16410686 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2106175\charrsid16410686 increasingly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid151443\charrsid16410686 sophisticated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7874037\charrsid16410686 and global }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid151443\charrsid16410686 community of DIY designers who }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16474205\charrsid16410686 are challenging their professional norms and practices}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid263798\charrsid16410686 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid13190965\charrsid16410686 Through an exploration of these sites\rquote approach to intellectual property, design education, compensation, and community, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16410686\charrsid16410686
I explain how crowdsourcing companies discursively frame }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16410686 (and challenge) traditional design}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16410686\charrsid16410686 practice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16410686 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16410686\charrsid16410686 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13190965\charrsid16410686 I also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid10248800\charrsid16410686 offer specific recomme}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15952649\charrsid16410686 ndations as to how}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15744197\charrsid16410686 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10248800\charrsid16410686 crowdsourcing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16410686\charrsid16410686 sites and the professional}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15744197\charrsid16410686
design community might coexist more peacefully}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13963778\charrsid16410686 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13963778 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid134749
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\tx7696\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3897185 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12090442 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7427995
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3897185 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid16333007 Professional design practice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f24\insrsid12860835 and its changing nature in light of Web 2.0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid12860835\charrsid12860835
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15952649\charrsid8721258 To best understand how these sites are shifting the nature of the design profession, it is important to understand what design is and what designers do. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3081022\charrsid8721258 Design is a \u8220\'d2sense creating activity\u8221\'d3 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3081022\charrsid8721258
ADDIN EN.CITE Krippendorff1998180156(Krippendorff, 1998, p. 156
)1801805Krippendorff, KlausMargolin, VincentBuchanan, RichardOn the essential contexts of artifacts or on the proposition that "design is making sense of things"The idea of design: A Design Issues reader156-1861998Cambridge, MAThe MIT Press}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3081022\charrsid8721258 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796
HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_44" \\o "Krippendorff, 1998 #180" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00340034000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid8721258 Krippendorff, 1998, p. 156}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3081022\charrsid8721258 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid3081022\charrsid8721258 directed at solving wicked problems }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3081022\charrsid8721258
ADDIN EN.CITE Buchanan199860(Buchanan, 1998)60605Buchanan, RichardMargolin, VincentBuchanan, RichardWicked Problems in Design ThinkingThe Idea of Design3-201998Cambridge, MAThe MIT Press}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3081022\charrsid8721258 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_22" \\o "Buchanan, 1998 #60" }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00320032000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid8721258 Buchanan, 1998}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3081022\charrsid8721258 )
}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3081022\charrsid8721258 . Design involves a complex and emergent interplay of problem definition and potential}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid3081022 solutions, resulting in a circular process of analysis, synthesis, and evaluation }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3081022
ADDIN EN.CITE Lawson2006196(Lawson, 2006)1961966Lawson, BryanHow Designers Think: The Design Process Demystified4th2006OxfordArchitectural Press}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3081022 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_48" \\
o "Lawson, 2006 #196" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00340038000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Lawson, 2006}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3081022 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3081022
. More complex formulations of the process suggest that designers spend a significant amount of time, and intellectual and creative energy on the conceptualization process, both to get to the heart of the \u8220\'d2problem\u8221\'d3
to be solved, and also to create meaningful metaphors (usually communicated through drawings or storyboards) that clients and end-users will understand }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3081022
ADDIN EN.CITE Cross200775
RecNum>(Cross, 2007)75756Cross, Nigel
Designerly Ways of Knowing2007BaselBirkh\u228\'8auser Verlag AG}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3081022 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_24" \\
o "Cross, 2007 #75" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00320034000000}}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Cross, 2007}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3081022 )}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3081022 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2320060 Still others }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3081022 focus on }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7367563 design\rquote s unique }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3081022 combination of aesthetic and practical qualities, suggesting that \u8220\'d2design is art that people use\u8221\'d3 }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5256169 ADDIN EN.CITE Lupton200638719(Lupton, 2006b, p. 19)3873875Lupton, EllenEllen LuptonWhy D.I.Y.?D.I.Y.: Design it yourself19-222006New YorkPrinceton Architectural Press}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3081022 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_51" \\o "Lupton, 2006 #387" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00350031000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Lupton, 2006b, p. 19}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3081022 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3081022 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2320060 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12860835 Designers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid12860835\charrsid2773209 are part of what Richard Fl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12860835 orida }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12860835
ADDIN EN.CITE Florida2002102(2002)1021026Florida, RichardThe rise of the creative class...and how it's transfor
ming work, leisure, community, and everyday life2002New YorkBasic Books}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12860835 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_38" \\o "Florida, 2002 #102" }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00330038000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 2002}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12860835 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12860835 terms the \u8220\'d2creative class,\u8221\'d3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12860835\charrsid2773209 produc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid12860835 ing cultural capital }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12860835
ADDIN EN.CITE Bourdieu198452(Bourdieu, 1984)52526Bourdieu, PierreRichard NiceDistinction: A social critique of the judgment of taste1984Cambridge, MAHarvard University Press
}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12860835 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_19" \\
o "Bourdieu, 1984 #52" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00310039000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Bourdieu, 1984}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12860835 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12860835\charrsid2773209 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12860835 T}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12860835\charrsid2773209 he results of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12860835 this kind of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12860835\charrsid2773209 creativ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid12860835 ity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12860835\charrsid2773209 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12860835 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12860835\charrsid2773209
only considered valuable insofar as they app}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12860835 eal to some segment of \u8220\'d2users\u8221\'d3 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12860835
ADDIN EN.CITE Aspers200627(Aspers, 2006)272717
<
authors>Aspers, PatrikContextual knowledgeCurrent SociologyCurrent Sociology745-76352006}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12860835 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_14" \\o "Aspers, 2006 #27" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00310034000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Aspers, 2006}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12860835 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12860835 . }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12860835\charrsid2773209 Unlike other forms of aesthetic work,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12860835 such as fine art,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12860835\charrsid2773209 }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12860835 design is both innovative and derivative. And, design }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12860835\charrsid2773209 work }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12860835
remains in conversation with larger cultural trends, and maintains a tight interconnectedness with economic activities.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8145182 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2042427 In her ethnographic study of architectural firms, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7427995\charrsid7427995 Dana Cuff }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4547213 ADDIN EN.CITE C
uff199176(1991)76766Cuff, DanaArchitecture: The Story of Practice1991Cambridge, MAThe MIT Press}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796
HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_25" \\o "Cuff, 1991 #76" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
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\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid7427995\charrsid7427995 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2042427 argues that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7427995\charrsid7427995 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16333007
practice and everyday knowledge are inextricably linked}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4213955 in design fields}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12655279 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid7427995\charrsid7427995 In well-developed and codified}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3736424 design}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7427995\charrsid7427995 fields such as architecture, what constitutes \u8220
\'d2everyday knowledge\u8221\'d3 is in part transmitted through educational institutions and professional apprenticeships}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12655279 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7427995\charrsid7427995
Part of becoming an architect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6050950 or other type of design practitioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7427995\charrsid7427995
requires exposure to, if not mastery of, a certain set of tools that allow one to create and solve design problems}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12655279 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14122912 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6050950 nd, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7427995\charrsid7427995 s with other communities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3736424 of practice, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid6050950 design}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3736424 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7427995\charrsid7427995 is socially situated and embodies }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6050950
both explicit and tacit ways of knowing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3736424 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6050950
ADDIN EN.CITE Wenger1998364(Wenger, 1998)3643646Wenger, EtienneCommunities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity1998CambridgeCambridge University Press}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6050950 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796
HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_79" \\o "Wenger, 1998 #364" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
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\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6050950 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid7427995\charrsid7427995 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16333007 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6050950
\par \tab W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7427995\charrsid7427995 hat distinguishes professions as indi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16333007 vidualized communities is their \u8220\'d2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid7427995\charrsid7427995 \u8230\'c9claim to a particular knowledge territory as distinctly their own\u8230\'c9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12655279 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7427995\charrsid7427995
the knowledge base is to some extent definable and to some extent mysterious}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16333007 \u8221\'d3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12655279 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3692115 ADDIN EN.CITE Cuff19917636(Cuff, 1991, p. 36)76<
key app="EN" db-id="5vvzp5e9jedaz9ezasbv95eswspxer2rv0rf">766Cuff, DanaArchitecture: The Story of Practice1991Cambridge, MAThe MIT Press}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3692115 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_25" \\o "Cuff, 1991 #76" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00320035000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Cuff, 1991, p. 36}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3692115 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7427995\charrsid7427995 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16333007 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7427995\charrsid7427995
Thus, the process of professionalization is a constant dialogic between mystification and definition, both of which happen simultaneously and are often in conflict with one another}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12655279 . }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13241032 Examining these tacit professional practices can be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16333007 difficult}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13241032 because of their }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7427995\charrsid7427995 relatively unspoken nature}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12655279 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7427995\charrsid7427995
That is, a collective community of practice engaged in professional work does not detail th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13241032 e criteria by which a person\rquote s creativity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid7427995\charrsid7427995 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13241032 r imagination}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3034345 will be judged, but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13241032
these criteria do}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3034345 serve an exclusionary function (either explicitly or implicitly) }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4547213 AD
DIN EN.CITE Beegan2008391(Beegan and Atkinson, 2008)391391
k
ey>17Gerry BeeganPaul AtkinsonProfessionalism, amateurism and the boundaries of designJournal of Design HistoryJournal of Design History305-3132142008}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\
l "_ENREF_17" \\o "Beegan, 2008 #391" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
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\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3034345 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16333007\charrsid16333007 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13241032 Designers may be viewed by some outsiders as \u8220\'d2snooty,\u8221\'d3 both because of their influential }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16333007 role}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13241032 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16333007 as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13241032
cultural producers and tastemakers, and because they may obfuscate how design thinking works in an attempt to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6050950 preserve }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9711265 design }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6050950 expertise and ensure its value}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13241032 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4202805
ADDIN EN.CITE Steiner2009333(Steiner, 2009)33333312Steiner, ChristopherThe creati
v
ity of crowds201215 June200922 JanuaryForbes.comhttp://www.forbes.com/forbes/2009/0216/062.h
tml}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid16333007 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_68" \\o "Steiner, 2009 #333" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
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\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid16333007 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16333007 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid8145182 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6050950 Despite this t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16333007 endency of professional design}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid11012681 ers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16333007 to distance themselves from amateur or novice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11273043 s, the boundary between the groups is permeable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11012681 . A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16333007 s Gerry Beegan and Paul Atkinson }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16333007
ADDIN EN.CITE Beegan2008391(2008)39139117Gerry BeeganPaul AtkinsonProfessionalism, ama
t
eurism and the boundaries of designJournal of Design HistoryJournal of Design History305-3132142008}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid16333007 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_17" \\o "Beegan, 2008 #391" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
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\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid16333007 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16333007
argue, professional and amateur design practices }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11012681 have always been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16333007 linked, \u8220\'d2even when the relationship is one of repudiation. Professi
onal practice defines itself by its distance f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15544155 rom the unschooled practitioner\u8230\'c9. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16333007
At the same time, the professional is often a categorization that amateur designers reject, as a limitation to their creativity or originality\u8221\'d3 (p. 305). Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11012681 us, what constitutes the design
\u8220\'d2expert\u8221\'d3 and the design \u8220\'d2amateur\u8221\'d3 has traditionally been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16333007 constructed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11012681
by professional design organizations such as AIGA, educators and design researchers working within academic institutions, and corporations that contract the work of freelance and in-house designers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16333007 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8145182 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11012681 But things are changing. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3222970 As numerous scholars}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid9711265 have shown, the increasing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3222970 availability of inexpensive digital design tools is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11012681 shifting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid3222970 the relationship between producers and consumers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15469853 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4547213 ADDIN EN.CITE }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {
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\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_34" \\o "Deuze, 2007 #383" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
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\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 ; }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796
HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_43" \\o "Jenkins, 2006 #8" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
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\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 ; }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796
HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_65" \\o "Shirky, 2010 #385" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
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\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 , }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796
HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_64" \\o "Shirky, 2008 #386" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
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\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12655279 . }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12736825 This prosumer shift potentially democratizes online content, allowing for a great}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6304536 er diversity of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid11012681 design}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6304536 artifacts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2511391 and perspectives}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6304536 to emerge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12655279 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4806191 And, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11012681 his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7146872
ready availability of digital tools has encouraged growth in DIY practices online}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12655279 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\f24\super\insrsid14555082 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24\alang1033 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs33\fs20\super\insrsid14555082\charrsid11012681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid14555082\charrsid11012681 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\fs20\insrsid14555082\charrsid11012681 DIY has roots within the 19}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\fs20\super\insrsid14555082\charrsid11012681 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\fs20\insrsid14555082\charrsid11012681 century Arts-and-Crafts movement, the home-improvement explosion of the 1950s, an
d the punk movement of the 1970s }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\fs20\insrsid14555082\charrsid11012681
ADDIN EN.CITE Lankshear2010392(Lankshear and Knobel, 2010; Gauntlett, 2011)3923925Colin LankshearMichele KnobelColin Lankshea
r
Michele KnobelDIY media: A contextual background and some contemporary themesDIY media: Creating, sharing and learning with new technologies2010New YorkPeter LangGauntlett20113933933936Gauntlett, DavidMaking is Connecting: The social
meaning of creativity, from DIY and knitting to YouTube and Web 2.02011Cambridge, UKPolity}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14555082\charrsid11012681 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14555082 HYPERLINK \\
l "_ENREF_46" \\o "Lankshear, 2010 #392" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14555082\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00340036000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14555082\charrsid11012681 Lankshear and Knobel, 2010}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14555082\charrsid11012681 ; }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14555082 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_41" \\o "Gauntlett, 2011 #393" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14555082\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00340031000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14555082\charrsid11012681 Gauntlett, 2011}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14555082\charrsid11012681 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\fs20\insrsid14555082\charrsid11012681 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14555082 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3951208 However, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11012681 as }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3951208 Amy Spencer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11012681 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11012681
ADDIN EN.CITE Spencer2005389(2005)389389<
/key>6Amy SpencerDIY: The rise of lo-fi culture2005LondonMarion Boyars}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid11012681 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_67" \\o "Spencer, 2005 #389" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00360037000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 2005}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid11012681 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3951208
thoughtfully argues}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11012681 , j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3951208 ust because a media artifact embodies the DIY etho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1781402 s}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1589625 does not make it \u8220\'d2good.\u8221\'d3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1579388 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3081022 I would also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid10828743 add}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3081022 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14571035 merely having }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3081022 access to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid14571035 and instrumentally using}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3081022 the tools of design does not necessarily make one a \u8220\'d2designer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14571035 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3081022 \u8221\'d3 While it may be easy (and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5711774 relatively}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3081022
cheap) to take a photo using a digital camera, remove red-eye and crop it using Photoshop, and post it to a blog using Wordpress, this kind of brute force manipulation of digital objects}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16280239
, without the concomitant engagement in the process and theory of design}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13833124 \endash in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f24\insrsid13833124 design thinking}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid4806191 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16280239 isn\rquote t really }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f24\insrsid16280239 design}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13833124 per se.}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16280239 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13833124 Most of us would probably agree. But crowdsourcing design sites may}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4806191
be challenging what we consider the practice and the value of design.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13833124 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14571035
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15469853\charrsid3081022
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid5591011\charrsid5591011 Crowdsourcing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid5711774 and labor practices in the digital era }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f24\insrsid15469853\charrsid5591011
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5711774 As tools}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7558976 like the ones mentioned above}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5711774
become more readily available to the average DIY-er, we have also seen a rising interest in what might be produced by a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7295074 global community of individuals phys}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid10637891 ically separated but technologically}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16083433 connected. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7295074
Both academic and business discourse suggests that what these individuals produce when working together far exceeds what they could do when working alone. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13765173 For example, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6961845\charrsid10309151 scholars such as Clay Shirky }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13765173\charrsid10309151
ADDIN EN.CITE Shirky2008386(2008, 2010)3863866Clay ShirkyHere comes everybody: The pow
e
r of organizing without organizations2008New YorkPenguin BooksShirky20103853853856Shirky, ClayCognitive surplus: Creativity and generosity in a connected age2010New YorkThe Penguin Press}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13765173\charrsid10309151 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\
l "_ENREF_64" \\o "Shirky, 2008 #386" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00360034000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid10309151 2008}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13765173\charrsid10309151 , }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_65" \\o "Shirky, 2010 #385" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00360035000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid10309151 2010}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13765173\charrsid10309151 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid13765173\charrsid10309151 often }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6961845\charrsid10309151 highlight th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13765173\charrsid10309151
e positive outcomes of the kind of global collaboration that makes the open-source community or Wikiped}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10309151\charrsid10309151 ia possible, suggesting
that such vast projects would be impossible to realize without the distributed collaboration enabled by internet tools.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13765173\charrsid10309151 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid10309151\charrsid10309151 And with collaboration, say the Web 2.0 cheerleaders, comes democratic discourse, or at least a larger crowd participates in knowledge production}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5143566 and governance}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10309151\charrsid10309151 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5143566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8145182 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15340090 Despite the positive rhetoric of the \u8220\'d2wisdom of crowds\u8221\'d3 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid16083433 ADDIN EN.CITE Surowiecki2005397(Surowiecki, 2005)3973976Surowiecki, JamesThe Wisdom of Crowds2005New YorkAnchor Books}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid16083433 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_69" \\o "Surowiecki, 2005 #397" }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00360039000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Surowiecki, 2005}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid16083433 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16083433 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15340090 and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12336331 suggestion tha
t prosumerism/distributed collaboration is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15340090 inherently democratizing, critics suggest that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1579388 these shifts may be reshaping}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15340090 the nature of labor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5453068 \endash but not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3692115 necessarily }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5453068
in favor of those who do the laboring}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10816441 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12984989 ADDIN EN.CITE Scholz2008394(Scholz, 2008; Petersen, 2008)39439417Scholz, TreborMarket Ideology and the Myths of Web 2.0First MondayFirst Monday1332008Petersen200839639639617S\u248\'bf
ren PetersenLoser Generated Content: From Participation to Exploit
ationFirst MondayLoser Generated Content: From Participation to ExploitationFirst Monday133<
dates>2008http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2141/1948}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12984989 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_63" \\o "Scholz, 2008 #394" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00360033000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Scholz, 2008}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12984989 ; }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_56" \\o "Petersen, 2008 #396" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00350036000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Petersen, 2008}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12984989 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12655279 . }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12336331 As }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15340090 Andrew Ross }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7295074 argues}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13270165 , \u8220\'d2
advanced workflow software has made it increasingly easy to break down tasks, assign them to different global locations, and reintegrate the results}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12655279 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid13270165 In this manner, a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15340090 substantial volume of skilled work, knowledge, and IT technologies has been migrated to the cheapest available labor markets}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid12655279 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15340090 The result has been an explosion in the outsourcing of knowledge work\u8230\'c9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12655279 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid15340090 The goal is to extricate employers from their reliance on fixed supplies of regional talent and set them free to roam in search of emergent labor pools\u8221\'d3 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid4404938 ADDIN EN.CITE Ross2009380162(Ross, 2009, p. 162)3803806Andrew Ross
Nice work if you can get it: Life and labor in precarious times2009New YorkNYU Press}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3692115 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_61" \\o "Ross, 2009 #380" }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00360031000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Ross, 2009, p. 162}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3692115 )}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12655279 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1386249 This means that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14571035
just as manufacturing work moved where labor costs were cheaper}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1386249 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14571035 so to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5143566 o}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14571035 has digital work moved to the margins \endash from the developed world to the developing. Optimists might say this is spreading
the wealth around; detractors argue that corporations are just looking for cheaper labor pools to exploit so that their profit margins increase}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1386249 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1386249 ADDIN EN.CITE Rushkoff2009395(Rushk
off, 2009)3953956Rushkoff, DouglasLife Inc.: How the world became a coproration and how to take it back2009New YorkRandom House}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1386249 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\
l "_ENREF_62" \\o "Rushkoff, 2009 #395" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00360032000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Rushkoff, 2009}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1386249 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14571035 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8145182 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15340090 In addition to inexpensive/cheap labor, T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15618650 iziana Terranova }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14819054 ADDIN EN.CITE Terranova2003381(2003)38138112Terranova, TizianaFree labor: Producing culture for the digital economy201215 July200320 JuneElectronic B
ook Reviewhttp://www.electronicbookreview.com/thread/technocapitalism/voluntary}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid11366566 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_70" \\o "Terranova, 2003 #381" }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00370030000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 2003}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid11366566 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15618650 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12336331 suggests}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15618650 that the digi
tal economy is predicated on a culture of free or immaterial labor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12655279 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15618650 As she }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13833124 argues}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15618650 , free labor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2305132 \u8220\'d2is not necessarily exploited labor,\u8221\'d3
but only if it is exchanged for something of equal value to the participants (for example, fandom participants who perceive their community ties and involvement as their \u8220\'d2payment\u8221\'d3 for contributing)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid12655279 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10047879 Other work in this area suggests fans may assume that free labor is a given, and while not worried about being exploited, hope for recognition for their work }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4547213 ADDIN EN.CITE Milner2009382(Milner, 2009)38238217R.M. MilnerWorking for the text: Fan labor and the New OrganizationInternational Journal of Cultural StudiesInternational Journal of Cultural Studies491-5081252009}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_53" \\
o "Milner, 2009 #382" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00350033000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Milner, 2009}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10306509 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2305132
Still, there is an overwhelming tendency for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14571035 corporations, rather than the community,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2305132 to be the beneficiaries of this free labor}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14571035 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14819054 ADDIN EN.CITE Terranova2003
381(Terranova, 2003)38138112Terranova, TizianaFree labor: Producing culture for the digital economy201215 July200320 JuneElectronic Book Reviewhttp://www.electronicbookreview.com/thread/technocapitalism/voluntary}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14571035 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_70" \\o "Terranova, 2003 #381" }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00370030000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Terranova, 2003}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14571035 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12655279 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2305132
Thus, labor within the crowdsourced world is inexpensive, distributed to the global margins, perhaps exploitative, and overwhelmingly benefits corporate interests.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11685332
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8145182 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid473997 O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8145182 rganizations are increasingly crowdsourcing their design needs \endash
often in the guise of \u8220\'d2competitions\u8221\'d3 or \u8220\'d2contests.\u8221\'d3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8145182\charrsid7626866 For example, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3349670\charrsid7626866 last year }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f24\insrsid3349670\charrsid7626866 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f24\insrsid8145182\charrsid7626866 he Huffington Post}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8145182\charrsid7626866
hosted a competition for community members to design a new icon for the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3349670\charrsid7626866 politics section of their}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8145182\charrsid7626866 site}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3349670\charrsid7626866 . After receiving negative publicity regarding the compet
ition and myriad angry comments from designers in the comments section of the contest announcement, HuffPo updated it with the following notice:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3897185 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3349670\charrsid7626866 We asked fans of HuffPost Politics to submit s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3349670\charrsid3349670 uggestions for social media icon designs as a fun way of enabli
ng them to express their passion for politics -- and for HuffPost. As readers of our site know, we frequently engage our community with requests for feedback and suggestions. So while AOL Huffington Post Media Group employs an in-house team of more than 3
0 talented designers, we felt this would be a lighthearted way to encourage HuffPost Politics users to express another side of their talents }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7626866
ADDIN EN.CITE 2011405("Enter the Huffington Post Po
litics Icon Competition," 2011)40540512Enter The Huffington Post Politics Icon Competition201215 June2011Huffington Posthttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08
/01/huffington-post-politics-icon-contest_n_915374.html}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7626866 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1
\af1\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_36" \\o ", 2011 #405" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00330036000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796
"Enter the Huffington Post Politics Icon Competition," 2011}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7626866 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3349670 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3897185 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15755973 Why were designers so angry? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid3349670 Contests and crowdsourcing efforts like these h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10315028 ave raised the ire of m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11081652
any within the design community, as they are seen to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10315028 undermining the professional expertise of those within the field and violating a core principle }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid402430 governing work between}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10315028 designers and clients \endash that the former will not complete speculative work}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3349670
because it potentially results in lower quality design and diminishes the economic value of design work }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3349670
ADDIN EN.CITE AIGA2012404(AIGA, 2012)40440412AIGAAIGA Position on Spec Work201223 June2012https://www.aiga.org/position-spec-work/}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3349670 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK
\\l "_ENREF_11" \\o "AIGA, 2012 #404" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00310031000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 AIGA, 2012}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3349670 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10315028 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13833124 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15755973 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13833124 or novice designers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15755973 especially}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13833124 , these kinds of contests and crowdsourcing sites}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3349670 in general}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13833124
may produce a conundrum, as they potentially provide invaluable experience }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4290133 and real-world portfolio pieces }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13833124 for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4290133 both traditional and non-traditional students of design.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13833124 But is this the \u8220\'d2not necessarily exploited labor\u8221\'d3 that Terranova (2003) discusses}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15755973 above}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13833124 ? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4290133 Are crowdsourcing sites }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15755973
and contests like HuffPo\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4290133 providing enough value in return for the free/cheap labor they receive from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15755973 designers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4290133 ?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8145182 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4279661
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid3758169
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid12090442 Method}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid8269357 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid4404938 sites of study}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid8269357
, and research questions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid4404938
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7098031 The current study employs methods from the field of discourse analysis }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7098031
ADDIN EN.CITE Foucault1972109(Foucault, 1972; Phillips and Hardy, 2002; van Dijk, 2011)109109
6Foucault, MichelA. M. Sheridan SmithThe Archeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language1972New YorkPantheon BooksPhillips20022822822826Phillips, NelsonHardy, CynthiaDiscourse
A
nalysis: Investigating Processes of Social Construction2002Thousand Oaks, CASage Publicationsvan Dijk20113232325van Dijk, Teun A.Teun A. van DijkIntroduction: The Study of DiscourseDiscourse studies: A multidisciplinary introduction1-52011}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7098031 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_39" \\o "Foucault, 1972 #109" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00330039000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Foucault, 1972}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7098031 ; }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796
HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_58" \\o "Phillips, 2002 #282" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00350038000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Phillips and Hardy, 2002}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7098031 ; }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796
HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_78" \\o "van Dijk, 2011 #32" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00370038000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 van Dijk, 2011}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7098031 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7098031
to understand the ways }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4657595 in which crowdsourced design sites}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3216039 are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4657595 challenging traditional }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3216039 notions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4657595 of design expertise. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10750181 Five}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7098031
websites dedicated to crowdsourced design serve as my corpus. All predominately (but not exclusively) cater to professional or amateur graphic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4526864 and interactive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid7098031 designers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\f24\super\insrsid14555082 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs24\alang1033 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\f24\fs20\super\insrsid14555082\charrsid7098031 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\fs20\insrsid14555082\charrsid7098031 Some of these sites also offer copyrighting and coding services in addition to graphic design.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14555082 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15278509
Three (crowdSPRING, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5117664 99designs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1264222 , and Design}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15278509 Crowd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid7098031 ) serve the needs of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid92663 businesses }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7098031 looking for branding, logo design, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4526864
web design, and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12721370 collateral. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7098031 Two }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15278509 others }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid7098031 (Threadless.com and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6913985 DesignbyH\u252\'9f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12213814 mans}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7098031 ), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12721370 produce apparel with designs contributed by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid92663 users that are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7896053 printed by the parent company}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12721370 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7896053 These sites were chosen because of their popularity and because they serve as exemplars of the different approaches organizations are taking
towards crowdsourcing design. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12721370 Not included in my corpus are s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4526864 ites like iStockPhoto and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15759956
Shutterstock}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4526864 \endash while these sites}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15759956 \rquote audiences may overlap}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4526864
, they are specifically focused on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15759956 selling }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4526864 digital photography rather than graphic/interactive design.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid10750181 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5637864 also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10750181 examined professional design blogs, articles, and forum postings written about crowdsourcing design practices.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11483704
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3216039 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4657595\charrsid3216039
The crowdsourcing sites I examined work in one of two ways. Sites like 99designs, crowdSPRING, and DesignCrowd are project-focused, by which I mean
crowdsourcing occurs because multiple people contribute to specific design challenges/projects posted by clients (usually small businesses) and creatives compete against one another to be awarded the winning design. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid4861655\charrsid3216039 The clients themselves determine }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4861655 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4861655\charrsid3216039 winners}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid6913985\charrsid3216039 , with individual designers having little or no involvement in the final arbitration. Community-focused sites, such as Threadless and DesignbyH\u252\'9fmans also encourage multiple submissions from creatives \endash
often around specific themes \endash but the community itself votes on what designs they would like to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12216346\charrsid3216039
have produced (with the top designs submitted to the company for final arbitration). While technically a competition, these community-based sites encourage collaborative development of design ideas.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid6913985\charrsid3216039 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3758169\charrsid3216039
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3216039\charrsid3216039 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3758169\charrsid3216039 I consider the ways in which these }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7997459\charrsid3216039
spaces}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3758169\charrsid3216039 are changing the relationship between clients and designers. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8269357 My research questions include: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3758169\charrsid3216039 What is their attitude towards intellectual property and compensation? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7559180\charrsid3216039 How do they discursively construct what design is in the e
ra of crowdsourcing? And h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3758169\charrsid3216039 ow is the professional design com}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3758169 munity responding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid7997459 , and w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3758169 hat solutions are they offering in the face of inevitable challenges from the DIY movement? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9046997
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8932042 In the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3216039 next }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8932042 few sections, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4002549 I}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8932042 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4002549 discuss the differing approaches these sites take towards intellectual property and design authorship. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid8932042 Then}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4002549 , I explore how crowdsourcing design sites create community (and for whom it is created). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8932042 Next}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4002549 , I examine the ways in which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4282656 these sites approach design education}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4002549 . Lastly, I outline how designers are
compensated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5518769 for the work they produce}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10496572 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid986800\charrsid9046997
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid986800
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid4002549\charrsid8932042 Intellectual property and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid12460031\charrsid8932042 design \u8220\'d2authorship\u8221\'d3
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10108704 Even within traditional design work, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12460031 he question of who const}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5264157
itutes the author within the design process}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12460031 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10108704 difficult to answer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10306509 . }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5264157 Typically, clients and designers work together \endash
the client defining the boundaries of the project, and documenting it in a creative brief, while the designer uses that information as a critical jumping-off point for their work. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9336156
Drawing upon the work of Walter Benjamin, Ellen Lupton }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4547213 ADDIN EN.
CITE Lupton19981(1998)11
5Ellen LuptonSteven HellerThe designer as producerThe
education of a graphic designer159-1621998New YorkAllsworth Press}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_49" \\o "Lupton, 1998 #1" }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00340039000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 1998}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9336156 argues that the changing nature of the author is partially a reflection on technological shifts within the production of design artifacts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12655279 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9336156 She suggests that a split has occurred, whereby the \u8220\'d2author\u8221\'d3 and the \u8220\'d2designer\u8221\'d3 are int
ellectual and cerebral pursuits conceptually separated from the physicality of \u8220\'d2production,\u8221\'d3 but that these lines are blurring.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3368468 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4002549 Earlier w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9336156 ork by Roland Barthes }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4547213 ADDIN EN.CITE Barthes1978
2(1978)226Barthes, RolandStephen HeathImage-Music-Text1978New YorkHill & Wang}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_16" \\o "Barthes, 1978 #2" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00310036000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 1978}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9336156
and Michel Foucault }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4547213 ADDIN EN.CITE Foucault19843(1984)335Foucault, MichelPaul RabinowWhat is an Author?The Foucault Reader101-1201984New YorkPantheon Books}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_40" \\o "Foucault, 1984 #3" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00340030000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 1984}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13591988 suggests}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9336156 that the notion of authorship is a modern intellectual construct, and that texts are not static, but are necessarily shaped by a complex set of social practices around readership and authorship}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10306509 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13005425 Michael Rock }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4547213
ADDIN EN.CITE Rock19984(1998)445Michael RockSteven He
l
lerGraphic AuthorshipThe education of a graphic designer149-1581998New YorkAllsworth Press}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_60" \\o "Rock, 1998 #4" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00360030000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 1998}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4547213 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13005425
traces the influence of these works (and ideas from postmodernism generally) on the graphic design field, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4002549 arguing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13005425 that there }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13644648 has been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13005425 a transition from earlier \u8220\'d2authorless/designerless\u8221\'d3 texts to ones where the designer\rquote s presence within the piece }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13644648 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8263039 apparent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12655279 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8263039
He argues that this mirrors much of the auteur theory within film, in which a director would be considered the \u8220\'d2author\u8221\'d3 of a film, despite the complex labor relationships that actually existed on the film set}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12655279 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8263039 Rock }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1539710 suggests}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8263039
that like film, design benefited from this sort of positioning, as it shifted the art f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1539710 rom low culture to high culture:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8263039
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3897185 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8263039 \u8230\'c9film theorists, like desig
ners, had to construct the notion of the author as a legitimizing strategy, as a method of raising what was considered low entertainment to the plateau of fine art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12655279 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid6708706 \u8230\'c9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8263039 Like the film director, the art director or designer is often distanced from his or her mat
erial and often works collaboratively, directing the activity of a number of other creative people}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12655279 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8263039
In addition, over the course of a career, the designer works on a number of diverse projects}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid874571 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8263039
that have widely varying levels of creative potential, so any inner meaning must come through the aesthetic treatment as much as it does from the content }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3692115
ADDIN EN.CITE Rock19984153(Rock, 1998, p. 153)445Michael RockSteven H
e
llerGraphic AuthorshipThe education of a graphic designer149-1581998New YorkAllsworth Press}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3692115 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_60" \\o "Rock, 1998 #4" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00360030000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Rock, 1998, p. 153}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3692115 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8263039 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9336156
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3897185 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8263039 Given the complexities of how auth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid6708706 orship is considered within }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8263039 creative communities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6708706 like design}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8263039 , it is f
ascinating that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7872541 most}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid359948 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8263039 crowdsourcing sites retain a static and reduct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3951208 ionist v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7872541 ision of authorship and rely }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3951208 heavily on legalistic notions of intellectual property rights.}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13304067 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7675441 For example, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2576551 Threadless.com\rquote s policy regarding ownership of user-submitted content }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7675441 (not designs submitted for printing consideration, but rather user postings, critiques, etc.) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2576551
is that while it remains the property of the individual, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3741414 submitters,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3741414\charrsid3741414 \u8220\'d2g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\cf20\insrsid3741414\charrsid3741414 rant Threadless.com a worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free, sublicenseable, and transferable ri
ght and license to use, reproduce, distribute, prepare derivative works of, display, and perform the User Submissions in connection with the Website}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid15739927 \u8230\'c9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\cf20\insrsid3741414\charrsid3741414 \u8221\'d3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid7675441 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid139011
ADDIN EN.CITE 2007408(Threadless, 2007)40840812Threadless
Threadless.com Terms of Use201223 June2007http://www.threadless.com/termsofuse}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_71" \\
o "Threadless, 2007 #408" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00370031000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Threadless, 2007}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid6752518 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid8944699 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\cf20\insrsid15739927 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid6752518 he terms }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid7675441 for design submissions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid6752518 additionally}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid7675441 require }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid12071165 individuals}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid7675441 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid12071165 a}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid7675441 ssign copyright to the company for their designs, including the \u8220\'d2right to sue f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid7675441\charrsid7675441 or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid7675441\charrsid7675441 past infringement and the right to further sublicense the Design,\u8221\'d3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid7675441\charrsid7675441 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\cf20\insrsid12071165\charrsid7675441 and that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid7675441\charrsid7675441 designers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid12071165\charrsid7675441 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\cf20\insrsid12071165 will not create derivative works based on the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid7675441 ir}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid12071165 design}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid7675441 s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid15739927 \endash this despite the \u8220\'d2non-exclusive\u8221\'d3 nature of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid7675441 Threadless\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\cf20\insrsid15739927 ownership}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid7675441 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid139011 ADDIN EN.CITE 2011407(Threadless, 2011)40740712ThreadlessThreadless.com Design Submission Legal Terms & Conditions201227 June2011Threadless.comhttp://www.threadless.com/submitterms.html}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1
\af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_73" \\o "Threadless, 2011 #407" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796
{\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00370033000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Threadless, 2011}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\cf20\insrsid12071165\charrsid9178026 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid10116317\charrsid9178026 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid9178026\charrsid9178026 Likewise, DesignByH\u252\'9fmans\rquote
submission rules require designers to ack}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid13003449 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid9178026\charrsid9178026 owledge that DBH, \u8220\'d2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af36 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\cf21\insrsid9178026\charrsid9178026 retains permanent exclusive rights to that design for commercial use on apparel and other promotional products\u8230\'c9 and the participant hereby irrevocably assigns such rights to DesignByH\u252\'9fmans.com }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af36 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf21\insrsid139011 ADDIN EN.CITE 2011409(DesignByH\u252\'9f
mans, 2011b)40940912DesignByH\u252\'9f
mansDesignByH\u252\'9fmans Daily Contest Terms and Conditions201220 June2011June
DesignByH\u252\'9fmanshttp://www.designbyhumans.com/termsandconditions}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af36\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\cf21\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af36\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf21\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_27" \\o "DesignByH\u252\'9fmans, 2011 #409" }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af36\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf21\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00320037000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1
\af36\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf21\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 DesignByH\u252\'9fmans, 2011b}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af36\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\cf21\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af36 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf21\insrsid9178026 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid9178026 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\cf20\insrsid10116317 Both Threadless and DBH note the temporary nature of their claims on a designer\rquote s creation if it is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid14549918 not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid10116317
printed during the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid14549918 90-day}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid10116317 competition window.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid14549918 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\cf20\insrsid7675441 Additionally, b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid14549918 oth companies require designers to contact them to have designs removed from the site if they wish to use the design for something else if it is not optioned.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid7675441 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid12871015 Threadless}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5637864 also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid12871015
allows designers to retain the rights to their work for other non-apparel mediums even if their work is commissioned by the company }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid139011
ADDIN EN.CITE 2010421(Threadless, 2010)42142112
<
authors>ThreadlessFrequently Answered Questions20126 July2010Threadless
http://support.threadless.com/ics/support/default.asp?deptID=15140}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_72" \\o "Threadless, 2010 #421" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00370032000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Threadless, 2010}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid12871015 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid9046997 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5637864 Designers working with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5117664 99designs }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5637864 can choose to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5117664 offer their logo design work in its \u8220\'d2Ready-made\u8221\'d3 store. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid7874037 And, u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5117664\charrsid7874037 nlike the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid4068136\charrsid7874037 site\rquote s sponsored}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5117664\charrsid7874037 contests, where }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5637864\charrsid7874037 creatives}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5117664\charrsid7874037
waive all of their intellectual property rights to designs created for clients, some logo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid16140153\charrsid7874037 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5117664\charrsid7874037 }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid4068136\charrsid7874037 for the \u8220\'d2ready-made\u8221\'d3 store }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5117664\charrsid7874037 remain non-exclusively licensed, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\cf20\insrsid7874037\charrsid7874037 potentially }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5117664\charrsid7874037 allowing the designer to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid16140153\charrsid7874037 re-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5117664\charrsid7874037 use the design for other clients }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid139011\charrsid7874037
ADDIN EN.CITE 2012410(99designs, 2012b)4104101299designsDesign Transfer Agreement201215 June201299designshttps://99designs.com/legal/design-transfer-agreement}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1
\af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011\charrsid7874037 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid7874037 HYPERLINK \\
l "_ENREF_5" \\o "99designs, 2012 #410" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid7874037 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000008000000090000005f0045004e005200450046005f0035000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid7874037 99designs, 2012b}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011\charrsid7874037 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\cf20\insrsid5117664\charrsid7874037 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5117664 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid6384399
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5578552 \tab AIGA\rquote
s own copyright guidelines encourage designers not to transfer all rights they may have to a client or third party unless generously compensated. As they suggest in their guide to ethical design practice, \u8220\'d2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid5578552\charrsid16469161 The client\rquote s desire for work-for-hire or all rights is often for the purpose of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5578552 preventing the client\rquote s com}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid5578552\charrsid16469161 pet}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5578552 itors from using the design or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5578552\charrsid16469161
images in the design. The client can be protected against such competitive use by a simple clause in the contract stating: \u8220\'d2The designer agrees not to license the design or any images contained therein to co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid5578552 mpetitors of the client.\u8221\'d3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5578552\charrsid16469161 This might be accompanied by the client\rquote
s right of approval over some or any licensing of the design and incorporated images. The designer would then have to include similar restrictions in contracts with suppliers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5578552 \u8221\'d3 }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5578552
ADDIN EN.CITE AIGA200940687(AIGA, 2009, p. 87)40640612AIGAAIGA | Design Business and Et
hics201225 June2009http://www.aiga.org/design-business-and-ethics/}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5578552 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_9" \\o "AIGA, 2009 #406" }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000008000000090000005f0045004e005200450046005f0039000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 AIGA, 2009, p. 87}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5578552 )}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5578552\charrsid2228987
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5578552 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid9046997 There are other potential problems with the current intellectual property approach crowdsourcing sites take. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5578552 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid10496572 he designs that others submit on sites like }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5117664 99designs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\cf20\insrsid10496572 and crowdSPRING}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid6038669 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid13046786 can be made }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid10496572 public}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid13046786 depending on project settings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid10496572 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5578552 which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid10496572 might }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5578552 encourage }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid10496572 designers to plagiarize one another \endash or at least have their designs \u8220\'d2converge\u8221\'d3 more re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5578552 adily around one theme or idea. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid16414103 DesignCrowd only makes other designs public to designers after a contest has closed (at which point t
hey can vote on the submission they like the best)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid2312310 , which likely reduces this possibility}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid16414103 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\cf20\insrsid11483704 99designs requires designers to agree to a \u8220\'d2concept originality policy\u8221\'d3 whereby anything mentioned in the project brief submitted by clients can be developed by all,
but unique concepts developed by one designer cannot be copied by others. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5578552 99designs\rquote policy gives the following example: \u8220\'d2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\cf20\insrsid5578552\charrsid5578552 A real estate logo contest for Smith Properties is filled with designs based on obvious concepts like houses, roofs, windows, buildings etc\u8230\'c9
then a designer submits a really clever design based on a bird and the contest holder gives it a high rating. Other designers CANNOT start submitting designs based on birds - this is a unique and original }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\cf20\insrsid5578552 concept for that designer alone\u8221\'d3 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid139011 ADDIN EN
.CITE 2011411(99designs, 2011)4114111299designsConcept Originality Policy201228 June20117 April99designshttps://99designs.com/help/conceptoriginalitypolicy}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_3" \\o "99designs, 2011 #411" }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000008000000090000005f0045004e005200450046005f0033000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 99designs, 2011}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5578552 . While this policy seems reasonable on its face, both the interpretation of what constitutes an \u8220\'d2obvious concept\u8221\'d3 versus a \u8220\'d2
clever design\u8221\'d3 and how}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid77634 strictly 99designs\rquote staff enforces the policy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid8604033 is debatable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\cf20\insrsid77634 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid9719658
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid11303900 In addition, d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid9719658 etractors of crowdsourcing design poin
t to the difficulty of protecting designers from clients who may not award them with the winning bid, but may use their design work later without compensating them. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid15470986 Or, as designer Grant Blakeman }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid13567814 ADDIN EN.CITE Blake
man2008416(2008)41641612<
contributors>Blakeman, GrantWhy We Don\rquote
t Do Free Spec Work20121 July2008Decemberhttp://blog.grantblakeman.com/2008/12/texts/why-we-dont-do-free-spec-work}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13567814 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_18" \\o "Blakeman, 2008 #416" }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00310038000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 2008}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13567814 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid13567814 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid15470986 notes, clients may reject }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid13567814 a proposal
, but take design ideas offered and hire a cheaper designer.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5139100 99designs\rquote policy tells clients to \u8220\'d2respect copyright\u8221\'d3
and reminds them that they only own designs for which they pay }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid139011 ADDIN EN.CITE 2010417(99designs, 2010b)4174171299designsContest Holder Guidelines20121 July201022 September99designshttps://99designs.com/help/contestholder/guidelines}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_2" \\o "99designs, 2010 #417" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796
{\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000008000000090000005f0045004e005200450046005f0032000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 99designs, 2010b}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5139100 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid1202124 But they also offer a money-back guarantee (as does DesignCrowd and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid9779741 crowdSPRING}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid1202124
) to clients who use their services if none of the designs is one they \u8220\'d2love.\u8221\'d3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid15603854 This means c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5458492
lients could presumably use these crowdsourcing sites to retain the services of a designer without actually compensating them}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid15603854 for their work}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid5458492 .}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid14819054
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid8944699
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid7280921\charrsid8932042 Design education}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid4002549\charrsid8932042
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16598272 One of the arguments that champions of these kinds of crowdsoucing contests/sites have made }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7756828 to quash criticism from the design community }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16598272 is that it can help novices improve their design skills while working for real-world clients. This }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2507672 primarily}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid16598272 happen in two ways}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2507672 : informally, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16598272 whereby the community critiques and offers suggestions to other designers, or }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2507672 more formally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16598272 through}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2507672 materials and resources provided by the site\rquote s owners.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16598272 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11366566 For example, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4002549 Threadless encourages K-12 art teachers to use the votin
g model they developed in their classrooms and provides a PDF of lesson plans and support for educators.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8981679 Likewise, DesignBy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16598272 H}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3822565 \u252\'9f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16598272 mans}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10169544 (DBH)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16598272 offers}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16077513 a short, but comprehensive guide for would-be designers on the basics of design. Both sites also provide critique
forums where individuals can get feedback regarding work in progress before it is submitted to the broader }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10169544 community for an offic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7540297 i}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10169544 al vote. DBH also includes a \u8220\'d2resources\u8221\'d3 forum where designers can share helpful tutorials, Photoshop templates, and ask gene
ral questions about design work. That being said, the DBH forum is not well trafficked (only around 75 threads posted over three years)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7499426 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11941949 Thread}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12527648 less also hosts forums (called blogs on their site) where extensive conversations offer design tips and individuals designs for critique. Unlike DBH, these are regularly trafficked \endash
with around 7000 posts in the art and design category alone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11303900 , suggesting a robust community invested in art and design practice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12527648 .}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6520786
\par \tab 99d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid801266 esigns, crowdSPRING, and Design}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6520786 Crowd }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4725724 are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid11303900 much less}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4725724 focused on educating designers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11303900
Unlike DBH and Threadless, all three sites offer fairly anemic information for would-be designers, instead focusing their attention on \u8220\'d2educating\u8221\'d3 potential clients. For example, clicking on the \u8220\'d2example logo design\u8221\'d3
page of 99designs and customers are greeted with several bulleted lists that describe the process and answers to \u8220\'d2frequently asked questions\u8221\'d3 such as, \u8220\'d2What if I don\rquote t like any of the designs I get?\u8221\'d3 and \u8220
\'d2Will the designers tailor their designs to suit my business?\u8221\'d3 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid139011
ADDIN EN.CITE 2012423(99designs, 2012c)4234231299designsLogo Design | 100% Money Back Guarantee | 99designs20122 July2012
99designshttp://99designs.com/logo-design}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 (
}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_6" \\o "99designs, 2012 #423" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000008000000090000005f0045004e005200450046005f0036000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 99designs, 2012c}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11303900 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid801266 Design}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3216039 Crowd\rquote s \u8220\'d2How it works\u8221
\'d3 page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3496371 includes a film that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5923171
explains the process of creating a project and outlines the benefits crowdsourcing has over the traditional design process.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11366566 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11366566\charrsid11366566 For the typical small business owner who turns to one of these}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11366566
sorts of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11366566\charrsid11366566 crowdsourcing s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11366566 ites, it is intere
sting to think about what they might (or might not) learn about the design process. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid139011
Clients on these sites are asked to complete a creative/design brief (a staple in the design industry) that outlines the goals of the project, a bit about the client\rquote s busi
ness, the audience, and provides designers with a few indicators as to the kind of design style appeals to the client. Design briefs are considered an efficient way to help clients articulate the actual problem they need solved and guide the design proces
s }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid139011
ADDIN EN.CITE Lupton2011428(Lupton and Phillips, 2011; Airey, 2007)4284286Ellen LuptonJennifer Cole PhillipsGraphic Design Thinking: Beyond Brainstorming
<
/titles>2011Princeton, NJPrinceton Architectural PressAirey200742942942912Airey, DavidHow do you write a
d
esign brief?201212 July200710 Mayhttp://www.davidairey.com/how-do-you-write-a-graphic-design-brief/}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_52" \\o "Lupton, 2011 #428" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00350032000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Lupton and Phillips, 2011}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 ; }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796
HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_12" \\o "Airey, 2007 #429" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00310032000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Airey, 2007}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid139011
. DesignCrowd, 99designs, and crowdSPRING\rquote s creative briefs are surprisi
ngly similar in form, featuring basic descriptive information about their project needs as well as the opportunity to choose design styles they like (often by showing logos for other major businesses) and what they want to communicate about their brand to
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid801266 customers. 99designs and Design}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid139011
Crowd feature semantic differential scales on their creative brief forms where clients are asked if they want their design to be more \u8220\'d2playful\u8221\'d3 or \u8220\'d2serious,\u8221\'d3 for example, or \u8220\'d2economical\u8221\'d3 or \u8220\'d2
upmarket.\u8221\'d3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10906180 Clearly the focus is the end product \endash whether or not the designer has created something that the business owner \u8220\'d2likes\u8221\'d3
or satisfies their current needs. Less attention is given to other aspects of the design process \endash including the multiple iterations that a designer might share with the client as s/he is creating the final design \endash
or the market research that the designer might undertake to create a unique finished product. These steps become invisible, thus further mystifying the design process and encouraging business client
s to view it as simply delivering a bunch of Photoshop or Illustrator files.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\cf6\insrsid11952246
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid4002549
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid4002549\charrsid8932042 Compensation
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11667169 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1129394 rowdsourcing companies }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11667169 often}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1129394
suggest that the primary motivation for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11667169 designers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1129394 participating in projects and contes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11667169
ts is to gain design experience.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1129394 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11667169 However, as Daren Brabham\rquote s }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid11667169
ADDIN EN.CITE Brabham2008413(2008)41341317Brabham, Daren C.Moving the crowd at iStockphoto: The composition of the crowd and motivations for
participation in a crowdsourcing applicationFirst MondayFirst Monday1262008http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/viewArticle/2159/1969}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid11667169
(}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_20" \\o "Brabham, 2008 #413" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00320030000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 2008}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid11667169 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11667169 study o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10251648 f contributors to iStockphoto }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11667169 suggest
s, money is an important }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1129394 motivating factor for those doing crowdsourced work}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11667169 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid477032
Even those individuals who }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11667169 contribute designs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid477032
to Threadless, which is perceived as much more community oriented than most crowdsourcing sites, are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16000049 motivated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1186771 by the potential of b
eing paid for their creations (along with improving their design skills, potentially gaining freelancing work, as well as wanting to particpate in the community) }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1186771
ADDIN EN.CITE Brabham2010414(Brabham, 2010)41441417Brabh
a
m, Daren C.Moving the Crowd at ThreadlessInformation, Communication & SocietyInformation, Communication & Society1122-11451382010}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1186771 (}
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_21" \\o "Brabham, 2010 #414" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00320031000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Brabham, 2010}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1186771 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1186771 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7700381
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16000049 With so many designers looking to crowdsourcing as a way to make money, it is critical that we examine the economic realities of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7756828 this}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16000049 work.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7700381 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14556524
Threadless receives around 2000-3000 submissions a week and the top submissions, as voted on by the community, are vetted by Threadless staff and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11173269 with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid16524105 from}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14556524 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16524105 5-15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14556524 picked to be printed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16524105 each}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14556524 week }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14556524
ADDIN EN.CITE Coburn2012400(Coburn, 2012)40040012Marcia Froelke CoburnHow Jake Nickell Built His Threadless Empire201223 June2012http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/July-2012/How-Jake-Nickell-Built-His-Threadless-Empire/}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14556524 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_23" \\
o "Coburn, 2012 #400" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00320033000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Coburn, 2012}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14556524 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14556524
. For successful submissions, designers receive $2000, $500 to spend at Threadless, $500 every time the shirt is reprinted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16524105 , and membership in an \u8220\'d2Alumni Club\u8221\'d3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14556524 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid139011 ADDIN EN.CITE Threadless2012401(Threadless, 2012c)40140112ThreadlessSubmit a design, earn $2,500 !!201223 June2012http://www.threadless.com/submit}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_76" \\o "Threadless, 2012 #401" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796
{\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00370036000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Threadless, 2012c}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14556524 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16524105 Threadless sells around 120,000 shirts a month}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8398216 through its website and retail outlets in Chicago}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid16524105 and estimated to be worth $30 million (more soon, if a deal with larger US retailers happens) }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16524105
ADDIN EN.CITE Coburn2012400(Coburn, 2012)40040012Marcia Froelke CoburnHow Jake Nickell Built His Threadless Empire201223 June2012http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/July-2012/How-Jake-Nickell-Built-His-Threadless
-Empire/}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid16524105 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_23" \\o "Coburn, 2012 #400" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00320033000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Coburn, 2012}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid16524105 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16524105 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11173269 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1249405 Given the payouts and number of submissions, this means that Threadless is paying anywhere from around $4.15-$18.75 per design.}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8981679 DBH pays $1000 for winning designs, along with six copies of their winning shirt, and offers a tiered rewards system where designers receive up to $2500 depending on the number of units sold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3356624 \endash or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2961011 up to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3356624 $.50 per shirt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8981679 }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid139011 ADDIN EN.CITE DesignByH\u252\'9fmans2011402(DesignByH\u252\'9f
mans, 2011a)40240212DesignByH\u252\'9f
mansDesignByH\u252\'9fmans Daily Contest Terms and Conditions201223 June2011http://www.designbyhumans.com/termsandconditions/}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 (}
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_26" \\o "DesignByH\u252\'9fmans, 2011 #402" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00320036000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 DesignByH\u252\'9fmans, 2011a}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8981679 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7700381 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13969846 As of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid8151596 Novem}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8151596\charrsid8151596 ber}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13969846\charrsid8151596 2010, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5117664\charrsid8151596
99designs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8151596\charrsid8151596 boasted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4002549\charrsid8151596 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8151596\charrsid8151596
aving 84,752 designers, who had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4002549\charrsid8151596 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8151596\charrsid8151596 created a total of 5,982,658 submitted designs and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4002549\charrsid8151596 been awarded $14,998,416}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8151596\charrsid8151596 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid139011
ADDIN EN.CITE 99designs2010434(99designs, 2010a)4344341299designsAbout 99designs | 99designs201010 November2010http://99designs.com/about}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_1" \\
o "99designs, 2010 #434" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000008000000090000005f0045004e005200450046005f0031000000}}}{\fldrslt
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 99designs, 2010a}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011
)}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8151596\charrsid8151596
. This means that clients were paying about $2.51 for each design submitted. Now, the company boasts that the number of designers has doubled (to 170,897 as of July 2012), and that $37,338,940 in price money had been awarded }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid139011
ADDIN EN.CITE 99designs2012435(99designs, 2012a)4354351299designsAbout 99designs | 99designs201215 July2012http://99designs.com/about}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 (}
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_4" \\o "99designs, 2012 #435" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000008000000090000005f0045004e005200450046005f0034000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 99designs, 2012a}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8151596\charrsid8151596 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3169689\charrsid8151596 Likew}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3169689
ise, DesignCrowd suggests they have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3496371 80,158}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3169689 designers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3496371 from 165 countries, }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3169689 and have paid out $4,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3496371 486,227 in project payments }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid139011
ADDIN EN.CITE 2012425(DesignCrowd, 2012a)42542512DesignCrowdAbout DesignCrowd2012
12 July2012DesignCrowdhttp://www.designcrowd.com/about}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_28" \\o "DesignCrowd, 2012 #425" }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00320038000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 DesignCrowd, 2012a}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3496371 . The company suggests that about 104 designs are submitted for every project}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9640088 . A logo project on DesignCrowd
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11952246 , for example,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9640088 can }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11952246 cost }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9640088
a client anywhere from $240 (with $200 going to the designer, $40 going to DesignCrowd) to $940 (with the winning designer receiving $780, six designers receiving \u8220\'d2participation fees\u8221\'d3 of $20, and $40 going to DesignCrowd)}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9640088\charrsid9640088 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9640088 plus a 3% transaction fee + GST }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid139011
ADDIN EN.CITE 2012426(DesignCrowd
, 2012d)42642612DesignCrowd
<
/contributors>Post a Project: Launch a design project | DesignCrowd201212 July2012DesignCrowdhttp://www.designcro
wd.com/order/order_start_2.aspx#}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_31" \\o "DesignCrowd, 2012 #426" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00330031000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 DesignCrowd, 2012d}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9640088 . }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4943303 DesignCrowd\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11952246 member }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4943303
profiles actually list the earnings of each designer, from the top (as of this writing, a designer from the UK has earned $131,713 US}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4221742 D on DesignCrowd) to the bottom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid4943303 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4221742 Of the 63,117 designers listed on its \u8220\'d2Search Graphic Designers Worldwide\u8221\'d3 page, only 3,692 have actually earned any money, suggesting that a very few designe
rs are actually profiting from their crowdsourcing work }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid139011
ADDIN EN.CITE 2012427(DesignCrowd, 2012c)42742712DesignCrowdGraphic Design Worldwide - Search Graphic Designers Worldwide | DesignCrowd
t
itle>12 July20122012DesignCrowdhttp://designers.designcrowd.com/designer_list.aspx
}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_30" \\
o "DesignCrowd, 2012 #427" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00330030000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 DesignCrowd, 2012c}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4221742 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4943303 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid1844802 However, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4221742 quick analysis of the countries self-reported by the top-ten earning designers suggests some diversity: three are from India, two are from the UK, and one each are
from Australia, Canada, the Philippines, Romania, and the US.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3496371\charrsid3496371
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14748084 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7700381 The payouts for design work on crowdsourced sites is considerably less than a typical designer in the US would make for comparable work. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14748084 AIGA\rquote s most recent salary survey suggested that the median income for \u8220\'d2solo designers,\u8221\'d3 (self-employed/freelance designers of all types) was $55,000 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15956359 USD }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14748084 per year or around $27.50 an hour }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid139011
ADDIN EN.CITE 2011415(AIGA, 2011)41541512AIGAAIGA | Aquent Su
r
vey of Design Salaries 2011201225 June2011AIGAhttp://designsalaries.org/?utm_source=det&utm_medium=link&utm_content=03&a
mp;utm_campaign=sal-survey}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_10" \\o "AIGA, 2011 #415" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00310030000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 AIGA, 2011}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14748084
. Freelance designers (print and/or interactive) earned a median income of $40-$45 an hour; with junior designers or those who had three or fewer years of experience earning $25-$40 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15956359 an hour }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14748084 as freelancers or around $37,500-$42,000 a year. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7700381 And while DesignCrowd features optional \u8220\'d2participation fees\u8221\'d3
to entice designers to submit even if they don\rquote t win the full payout}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14748084 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7700381
the total compensation for crowdsourced work pays a much lower hourly wage (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14748084 especially as they are unlikely to win every contest}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3294067 or project}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14748084 entered}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7700381 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14748084 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14819054
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14819054\charrsid14819054 \tab DesignCrowd is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7700381 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14819054\charrsid14819054
a bit different from the rest of the sites I examined in that it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14819054 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14819054\charrsid14819054 offers a desi
gn outsourcing service in addition to its normal contests/projects. This \u8220\'d2white labeled\u8221\'d3
option offers firms the ability to solicit designs and present them to their clients through their own branded site, making it appear as though they are not using the DesignCrowd service }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid139011 ADDIN EN.CITE 2012412(DesignCrowd, 2012b)41241212DesignCrowdGraphic Design Outsourcing | DesignCrowd201225 June2012DesignCrowdhttp://outsource.designcrowd.com/}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_29" \\o "DesignCrowd, 2012 #412" }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00320039000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 DesignCrowd, 2012b}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14819054\charrsid14819054 . Presumab
ly design firms could use this service to create a flexible, virtual design team that was hired on a per-project basis. It is strange, however, that DesignCrowd highlights the \u8220\'d2discrete\u8221\'d3
nature of this service, suggesting that less scrupulous firms might use this tool to solicit cheap design ideas and charge their clients, who may be hiring the organization because of its strong in-house design pool, premium design prices.}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4271946 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af5 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\cf20\insrsid1129394\charrsid14819054
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11667169 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1129394 As }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10448200 designer }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14748084
David Airey points out, the typical pricing structure that crowdsourcing design sites use encourages}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1129394 designers to play a \u8220\'d2numbers game\u8221\'d3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid10448200 instead of developing only one or two different design directions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid861086 fully}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10448200
. Thus, designs are created quickly and with little regard for providing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid861086 well researched, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10448200 unique, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid861086 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10448200 creative work }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5256169 AD
DIN EN.CITE Airey200821(Airey, 2008)2121
12Airey, DavidThe reality of logo design contests201215 May20088 Decemberhttp://www.logodesignlove.com/logo-design-contests}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10448200 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_13" \\o "Airey, 2008 #21" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00310033000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Airey, 2008}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10448200 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10448200 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13311031 Certainly
the time constraints on most projects, as well as the fact that designers are not being paid hourly, provides little incentive for designers to engaged in research-based design }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid14748084 ADDIN EN.CITE O'Grady2006390see for more about design research(see O'Grady and O'Grady, 2006, for more about design research)3903906Jenn Visocky O'GradyKen Visocky O'GradyA designer&
a
pos;s research manual: Succeed in design by knowning your clients and what they really need2006Glouscester, MARockport Publishers}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14748084 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\
l "_ENREF_55" \\o "O'Grady, 2006 #390" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00350035000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796
see O'Grady and O'Grady, 2006, for more about design research}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14748084 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14748084 . And, as clients are the ultimate arbiters of what designs they like and do not like and spend little time consulting with the
ir designers, it is unlikely that the final product will be revolutionary or even long lasting.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11952246\charrsid11952246 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11952246 \tab
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7479368 It is critical to note that that although these crowdsourcing sites are not doing the \u8220\'d2paying out\u8221\'d3 of project winnings, they imply that they are actually pay
ing the designers rather than t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7479368\charrsid748494 he clients who contract with them. The exception is both DBH and Threadless, as they actually do pay the designers directly. And, h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11952246\charrsid748494 owever little or much creatives are compensated, the crowdsourcing companies themselves are making money. 99designs, for example, raised $35 million in a recent investment round }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11952246\charrsid748494 ADDIN EN.CITE Lacy2011419(Lacy, 2011)41941912Lacy, SarahAccel Invests $35M. in 99designs
\u8230\'c9Afte
r Years of Trying201225 June201128 AprilTechCrunchhttp://techcrunch.com/2011/04/28/accel-inv
ests-35m-in-99designs-after-years-of-trying/}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid11952246\charrsid748494 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_45" \\o "Lacy, 2011 #419" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796
{\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00340035000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid748494 Lacy, 2011}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid11952246\charrsid748494 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid11952246\charrsid748494 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7479368\charrsid748494 Estimates suggest that Threadless made $30 million last year, and new partnerships with majo
r retailers such as Bed, Bath & Beyond are set to make the company much more in the coming years }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7479368\charrsid748494
ADDIN EN.CITE Coburn2012400(Coburn, 2012)40040012Marcia Froelke CoburnHow Jake
N
ickell Built His Threadless Empire201223 June2012http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/July-2012/How-Jake-Nickell-Built-His-Threadless-Empire/}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7479368\charrsid748494 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_23" \\o "Coburn, 2012 #400" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00320033000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid748494 Coburn, 2012}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7479368\charrsid748494 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid7479368\charrsid748494 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\highlight7\insrsid11952246\charrsid3294067
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\highlight7\insrsid4747536\charrsid4271946
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid4747536\charrsid8932042 Creating community \endash how and for whom?
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15932984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4747536 The crowdsourcing sites I examined typically took one of two distinct approaches when addressin
g their audience, either focusing on the design creatives or the clients who were purchasing their services. Designers who wish to actually complete projects for clients seem to be a secondary audience for the crowdSPRING, 99designs and DesignCrowd, as th
e
ir homepage appeals are much more oriented towards the clients rather than the designers themselves. For example, DesignCrowd focuses specifically on client needs and why crowdsourcing is a good value; suggesting in an introductory video that it is faster
, cheaper, more creative, and risk free to companies posting their creative briefs to the site }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4747536
ADDIN EN.CITE DesignCrowdTV2011403(DesignCrowdTV, 2011)40340312DesignCrowdTVDesign
C
rowd: How it works201223 June2011Videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=9Qx6fbt1ycA}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4747536 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_32" \\o "DesignCrowdTV, 2011 #403" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00330032000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 DesignCrowdTV, 2011}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4747536 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4747536 . }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4725724 While crowdSPRING highlights a number of larger companies that have used its services (logos for Starbucks, Amazon.com, Air New Zealand, a
nd others are featured on its homepage), the main target audience for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15932984 both it and the other }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4725724 crowdsourcing sites}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15932984 I examined are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4725724 small busin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3541445 esses.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4725724
DesignCrowd posts the low prices for various services on its homepage (\u8220\'d2logo design starting at $240\u8221\'d3), crowdSPRING boasts, \u8220\'d2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4725724\charrsid14175207
Over 29,500 small businesses - and some big ones - trust crowdSPRING with custom logo design, web design and writing services.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4725724 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4725724\charrsid14175207
96% of them would recommend that you try us too}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4725724 ,\u8221\'d3 and 99designs lists the various business publications it has been featured in (including }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f24\insrsid4725724 The New York Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4725724 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f24\insrsid4725724 Wall Street Journal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4725724 , and }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f24\insrsid4725724 Forbes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4725724 ). 99designs\rquote customer blog focuses on small business trends and case studies of successful design work contracted through the website.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f24\insrsid4725724 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4725724
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15932984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4747536 On the other hand, Threadless and DBH seem
equally interested in attracting those doing the design creation as those purchasing the designs. Both of these sites also suggest that submitting designs is natural progression of being a true \u8220\'d2fan\u8221\'d3 of the Threadless or DBH community
\endash that one might have purchased a number of shirts from the com}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4747536\charrsid15101131 panies in the past before deciding to contribute to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4747536 the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4747536\charrsid15101131 community through a design submission. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4747536
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid660431\charrsid4087088 Several sites examined include }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4087088\charrsid4087088 elements}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid660431\charrsid4087088
of gamification }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4087088\charrsid4087088 ADDIN EN.CITE Deterding2011422(Deterding et al., 2011)42242210Sebastian DeterdingRilla KhaledLennart E. NackeDan DixonGamification: Toward a DefinitionCHI 201120117-12 May 2011Vancouver, BChttp://hci.usask.ca/uploads/219-02-Deterding,-Khaled,-Nacke,-Dixon.pd
f}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4087088\charrsid4087088 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_33" \\o "Deterding, 2011 #422" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00330033000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid4087088 Deterding et al., 2011}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4087088\charrsid4087088 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid4087088\charrsid4087088 on their sites to encourage community among designers. For example, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4747536\charrsid4087088 99designs }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid4087088\charrsid4087088 offers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4747536\charrsid4087088 levels and points }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4087088\charrsid4087088 to encourage designers to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4087088 upgrade their profiles and portfolio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid341246 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid139011
ADDIN EN.CITE 2012430(99designs, 2012d)4304301299designsWhat are levels and points? | 99designs201215 Ju
ly2012https://99designs.com/help/what-are-levels-and-points}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_7" \\o "99designs, 2012 #430" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000008000000090000005f0045004e005200450046005f0037000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 99designs, 2012d}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid341246 . DBH\rquote s
profiles include badges for completing certain actions on the site (for example, being a prolific commenter, being an active member for a certain number of years), links to personal websites, and a list of other community members that are following them
or they are following. Likewise, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13204438 Threadless members can create robust profiles that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9586245
include an optional personal blog, links to other external sites such as their Flickr photostream, and a complete listing of their individual design submissions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid341246
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4747536\charrsid4087088 Threadless }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13204438 in particular is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9586245 aggr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid14168655 essive in its positioning as a hip and arty }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9586245 design }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14168655 brand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9586245
. Hallmarks of this include their collaborations with craft beer company}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10429263 Finches, which recently distribu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15481461 ted a Threadless co-branded IPA;}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10429263 partnerships with indie bands such as Ted Leo and the Pharmacists, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15481461 Hot Chip, and The Decemberists; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid10429263 previous collaborations with organizations such as SXSW, Tribeca Film Festival, and David Eggers\rquote 826 National}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15481461 ; and appearances at San Diego\rquote
s pop/geek culture fest, Comic-Con }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid139011 ADDIN EN.CITE 2012431(Threadless, 2012b, 2012a, 2012d)43143112ThreadlessDesign Challenges201215 July2012http:
/
/www.threadless.com/loves201243243243212ThreadlessAt Comic-Con this weekend? Come visit us at booth 1617!15 July2012201212 Julyhttp://www.threadless.com/news/925169/At_Comic_Con_this_weekend_Come_visit_us_at_booth_1617Threadless20
1
243343343312ThreadlessThreadless + Finch's Beer Company = Making Great Together!15 July201220129 Junehttp://www.threadless.com/news/718542/Threadless_Finch_s_Beer_Company_Making_Great_Together}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 (}
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_75" \\o "Threadless, 2012 #431" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00370035000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Threadless, 2012b}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 , }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_74" \\o "Threadless, 2012 #432" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796
{\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00370034000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 2012a}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 , }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796
HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_77" \\o "Threadless, 2012 #433" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00370037000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 2012d}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid139011 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10429263 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7235605 Thre}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14168655 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7235605 dless also includes a \u8220\'d2sightings in the wild\u8221\'d3 of Threadless shirts
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14168655 being worn by actors }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7235605 on television shows}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14168655 in their \u8220\'d2Threadspotting\u8221\'d3
blog and Threadless-TV features in-house music performances and random moments inside the Threadless headquarters. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4747536
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4747536\charrsid15495339 Micah Baldwin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2183543\charrsid15495339 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid2183543\charrsid15495339 ADDIN EN.CITE Baldwin2009420(2009)42042012Baldwin, MicahSam Flores Versus Frozen Fish20123 July200921 Marchhttp://learntoduck.com/sxsw09/sam-flores.versus.frozen-f
ish/}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2183543\charrsid15495339 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_15" \\o "Baldwin, 2009 #420" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00310035000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid15495339 2009}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2183543\charrsid15495339 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid4747536\charrsid15495339 suggests that the main difference between a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15139093\charrsid15495339 company}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4747536\charrsid15495339
like crowdSPRING and one like Threadless is that the former is a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15139093\charrsid15495339 creating a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4747536\charrsid15495339 marketplace while the latter is }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15139093\charrsid15495339 facilitating}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4747536\charrsid15495339 community. Baldwin argues that for a marketplace like}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid4747536 crowdSPRING, creating a robust community is actually counter-productive to the site\rquote s goal: \u8220\'d2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4747536\charrsid6751251
A real fear in a marketplace is the concept of price colusion. While CrowdSpring clearly wants to attract a specific type of designer\endash one who is definately competitive by nature, and probably in need of work\endash
it cannot have a community that agrees in private on what to charge for different types of products. This can drive artifical price inflation and drive off buyers. In order for CrowdSpring\rquote
s community to truly be effective for CrowdSpring, it has to be controlled (perhaps just monitored) to ensure that price collusion doesnt exist and that it fosters competition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4747536 \u8221\'d3 (sic) }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4747536 AD
DIN EN.CITE Baldwin2009420(Baldwin, 2009)42042012Baldwin, MicahSam Flores Versus Frozen Fish20123 July2009<
pub-dates>21 Marchhttp://learntoduck.com/sxsw09/sam-flores.versus.frozen-fish/}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4747536 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_15" \\o "Baldwin, 2009 #420" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00310035000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Baldwin, 2009}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4747536 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4747536 . The distinction Baldwin makes is important, but unsatisfactory, as it positions both the clients that use the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid4871544 crowdsourcing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4747536 service and crowdSPRING }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4871544 itself }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4747536
on unequal footing with creatives. Perhaps the distinction that Terranova makes that not all free labor is \u8220\'d2exploited\u8221\'d3 labor is a critical one to apply here \endash
that the kind of compensation individuals receive by participating in a community like Threadless includes both the actual payment they receive i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2183543 f a design is printed, and non-monetary compensation:
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4747536 design critiques}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2183543 , tips, and hints, and a community of like-minded indie designers with which they can communicate.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4871544 Therefore, sites like crowdSPRING that engage more with the small-business community (as evidenced by both founders coming from the wo
rld of business rather than design) and create a more top-down rather than bottom-up approach to community, \u8220\'d2feel\u8221\'d3 more exploitative.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7235605
\par \tab And while all of these communities attract designers from around the globe, few of them are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4879140 actually engaging with the lo
cal community (unless you consider the local community to be predominately Western). As Fish and Srinivasan }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid94767
ADDIN EN.CITE Fish2012436(2012)43643617Adam FishRamesh SrinivasanDigital labor is the new killer appNew Media & SocietyNew Media & Society137-1521412012}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid94767 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_37" \\o "Fish, 2012 #436" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00330037000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 2012}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid94767 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid94767 }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4879140 argue, crowdsourcing companies\rquote \u8220\'d2recruitment of global labor speaks less to emp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid94767 owerment and more toward a desi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid4879140 re to evade regulation and overhead costs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid94767 \u8221\'d3 that wish to \u8220\'d2\lquote scale out\rquote rather than locally configure\u8221\'d3 (p. 150). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4879140 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4871544
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4747536
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid4404938 Professional responses to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid4871544 crowdsourced}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid4404938 work
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4404938 There are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13834772 a number of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4404938 concerns voiced by professional designers about the }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13834772 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4404938 rowdsourcing movement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13834772 (and the blurring of the boundaries between am}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2183543 ateur and professional design practice that it suggests}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13834772 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4404938 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid12910690 One involves the notion that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13834772 DIY design ultimately }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12910690 undermines}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13834772
the value}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12910690 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1187382 design of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1989419 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12910690 expertise}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13834772 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12910690 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4404938 As Stephen Heller }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid12910690 argues}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4404938 , \u8220\'d2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4404938\charrsid11685332 By making our work so easy to do, we are devaluing our profession}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid4404938 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4404938\charrsid11685332 I like democracy as much as the next person, but because of new t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4790062 echnologies, the definition of \lquote
amateur\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4404938\charrsid11685332 in fields like graphic design, photography, film and music, among others, is being redefined}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4404938 . }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4404938\charrsid11685332 With everything so democratic, we can lose the elite s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4404938 tatus that gives us credibility\u8221\'d3 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5256169 ADDIN EN.CITE Lupton2006388(Lupton, 2006a)388
38812Lupton, EllenThe D.I.Y. Debate201215 July2006AIGA
}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4404938 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796
HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_50" \\o "Lupton, 2006 #388" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00350030000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Lupton, 2006a}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4404938 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4404938 . }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2899090
\par \tab Much of the critique of crowdsourcing sites is made by individuals within the design community who view it as spec (speculative) wor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10815939 k. In a typical design se
tting, this might occur in two ways: clients requesting custom work during the RFP (request for proposal) phase of the design process; or asking outright to see some work from the designer to see if they like it before committing to the project }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10815939 ADDIN EN.
CITE Blakeman2008416(Blakeman, 2008)41641612Blakeman, GrantWhy We Don\rquote
t Do Free Spec Work20121 July2008Decemberhttp://blog.grantblakeman.com/2008/12/texts/why-we-dont-do-free-spec-work}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10815939 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_18" \\o "Blakeman, 2008 #416" }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00310038000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Blakeman, 2008}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10815939 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10815939 . If the client likes the work, the designer wins the account and gets paid. If not, the designer isn\rquote t. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid12910690 Crowdsourcing sites are viewed as a type of spec work, as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11366566 designers have no formal contract with the business with whom they are design
ing and may not get paid for their final work. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15622531 Organizations like }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9901921 HYPERLINK "http://www.no-spec.com/"}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f24\ul\cf17\insrsid15622531\charrsid15622531 NoSpec!}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15622531
have taken issue with crowdsourcing suggesting that it is unethical, often resulting in \u8220\'d2abandoned\u8221\'d3 projects where designers do not get paid eve
n if they win, and that the promises made to attract novice/student designers are unfulfilled (that they will gain exposure and improve based on client feedback, etc.) }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15622531
ADDIN EN.CITE Douglas2010438(Douglas, 2010)43843812Steve
D
ouglasSpec work. 28 talking points201215 July201011 Octoberhttp://
www.thelogofactory.com/logo_blog/index.php/spec-work-design-contests-crowdsourcing-designer-edition/}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15622531 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_35" \\o "Douglas, 2010 #438" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00330035000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Douglas, 2010}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15622531 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15622531 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15491693
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9315136 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13659982 Contrarians argue that the backlash to crowdsourcing work is coming only from a well-established minority who represent }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8478638 only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13659982 the professional elite of the design community. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f24\insrsid13659982\charrsid13659982 TechCrunch}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2824018 commenter Sarah Lacy likens}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13659982 the changes occurring to those that previously challenged travel agents and independent bookstores, or \u8220\'d2nearly}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13659982\charrsid13659982 any business where a service provider is charging a premium because of an inefficient market. Graphic designers should be thrilled that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid13659982 it took so long to get to them\u8221\'d3 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13659982 ADDIN EN.CITE Lacy2011419(Lacy, 2011)41941912Lacy, SarahAccel Invests $35M. in 99designs\u8230\'c9
After Years of Trying201225 June201128 AprilTechCrunchhttp://techcrunch.com/2011/04/28/accel-invests-35m-in-99designs-after-years-of-trying/}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13659982 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_45" \\o "Lacy, 2011 #419" }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00340035000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Lacy, 2011}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13659982 )}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13659982 . Lacy also points to several suc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4853657 cess stories }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid14245296 that grew}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4853657 out of the 99designs community \endash
individuals from Pakistan, the Phillipines, and Indonesia who made significantly more on virtual crowdsourced projects than they could in their home regions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2824018 And again, Micah Baldwin }
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2824018
ADDIN EN.CITE Baldwin2009420(2009)42042012Baldwin, MicahSam Flores Versus Frozen Fish2012
volume>3 July200921 Marchhttp://learntoduck.com/sxsw09/sam-flores.versus.frozen-fish/}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2824018 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_15" \\
o "Baldwin, 2009 #420" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00310035000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 2009}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2824018
)}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2824018
argues that the design community is making the mistake of arguing against the ethical questionability of crowdsourcing and spec work while not addressing why it exists}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16461396 (calling it an \u8220\'d2
emotional\u8221\'d3 rather than \u8220\'d2intellectual\u8221\'d3 response)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2824018
, which is that there are both designers willing to participate in doing it and businesses who would not be able to afford design work otherwise.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11366566
The main argument in favor of crowdsourcing most often espoused is that it \u8220\'d2lets the market decide\u8221\'d3 \endash meaning, if there was not a market for cheaply produced design work, then sites like these would not exist.}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13659982\charrsid13659982
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid4404938
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid11601762\charrsid11601762 Conclusions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid6364976 and implications}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid5142190\charrsid10964516
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11366566 In this study, I examined five different crowdsourcing businesses to better understand how they may
be changing design work. In terms of intellectual property, most of the sites examined gave far more latitude towards the clients\rquote rights than the designers\rquote with the exception of Threadless, which allows creatives to reu}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10159895 se their work in other forums. Most
of these sites focused much more directly on those purchasing the designs, offering little in the way of design education and development for novice designers to become experts. Again, Threadless (and DBH to a lesser degree) was the exception. Designers
participating in crowdsourcing would likely make much less money tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16469807 n their US-based equivalent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15293994 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid16469807 (at least according to AIGA\rquote s salary survey) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10159895 especially if they had years of experience.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16469807
And, the project-focused sites featured much less robust engagement and community for designers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4861655
It is unlikely that small businesses crowdsourcing a logo or web design would have much insight into the importance and value of the work that designers do, as their interactions are tightly controlled and mediated by the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2770751 se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4861655 site}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid2770751 s\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4861655 owners}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid15672648 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11366566
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11409835 On the face, whether an \u8220\'d2amateur\u8221\'d3 or \u8220\'d2expert\u8221\'d3
creates a t-shirt, logo, or website design may be of little consequence; however, designed objects are rhetorical and persuasive. They shape our behavior and can have profound consequences. For examp
le, the balloting problems in Florida during the 2000 US Presidential elections highlighted the critical (and unstated) role that information design plays in the democratic process. As a result, organizations such as AIGA pushed for designers to have a gr
eater understanding of their audience as not just consumers, but also as citizens }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11409835
ADDIN EN.CITE Lausen2007398(Lausen, 2007)3983986Lausen, MarciaDesign for Democracy: Ballot + Elect
ion Design2007ChicagoUniversity of Chicago Press}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid11409835 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_47" \\o "Lausen, 2007 #398" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00340037000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Lausen, 2007}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid11409835 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11409835 . An
d, while we may not see a contest for election ballot designs soon, the increasing prevalence and acceptance of crowdsourcing design makes the scenario seem more likely than ever.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16469807 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15622531
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4861655 However, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16469807 n ongoing problem is that designers are less transparent than they }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5975319
could be about design thinking}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16469807
. Consumers typically are exposed to design only after the final product is produced (be it building, chair, smart phone, web site, logo, etc.) and are not exposed to the process of design thinking and research. In this way
, sites like Threadless, while both removing barriers to participation by allowing \u8220\'d2non-designers\u8221\'d3
to create, may also emphasize the importance of design thinking as a kind of critical literacy skill. By being more transparent about the methodology that de
signers use to design might, ironically, encourage individuals to have more respect for both the expertise of professional designers and the difficulty of designing well.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16469807\charrsid16469807 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16469807 One possible solution, offered by designer Ellen Lupton, is that professional designers could start presenting themselves as \u8220\'d2expert\u8221\'d3 do-it-yourselfers \endash
this might not alienate novices/amateur designers but could encourage the public to view expert designers as simply having a bigger toolbox (methods) from which they can work }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid16469807 ADDIN EN.C
ITE Siegel2006418(Siegel, 2006)41841812Siegel, DmitriDesigning our own graves20121 July200627 JuneDesign Observerhttp://observatory.designobserver.com/entry.html?entry=4307}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid16469807 (}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK \\l "_ENREF_66" \\o "Siegel, 2006 #418" }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield 18d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000a0000005f0045004e005200450046005f00360036000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 Siegel, 2006}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid16469807 )}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16469807 .
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11409835 So how might crowdsourcing sites improve their relationship with the professional design community? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16469807 Here are a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4861655 few ideas based on this study\rquote s findings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11409835 :
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid4861655 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid11409835 (1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid10964516\charrsid11366566 Create a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f24\insrsid11301742\charrsid11366566 bottom-up }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid10964516\charrsid11366566 community rather than a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid11301742\charrsid11366566 top-down}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid10964516\charrsid11366566 marketplace. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10964516 While sites like crowdSPRING may }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1463395
appeal to client companies looking for cheap solutions to the design problems, it\rquote s likely that they will have a hard time maintaining a professional community of designers willing to work with them over the long haul. This sort of attrition }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13124854 means that guidance from expert designers is almost non-existent, making the overall designs less successful. Threadless has created a thriving, robust community of individuals who critique each other
\rquote s work \endash this should serve as a model }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11301742 for other for-profit crowdsourcing sites.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13124854
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid4861655 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid11409835 (2) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid5703822\charrsid11366566
Educate potential clients and designers about the design process}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid13124854\charrsid11366566 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11366566
Provide a much more robust interaction between designers and clients, rather than simply relying on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11409835 a set of form fields to facilitate communication between clients and designers.}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11366566 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13124854 Perhaps steer certain businesses away from using crowdsourced design }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11366566
if it does not meet their needs.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4861655 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid11409835\charrsid11409835 (3) Create}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid11366566\charrsid11409835
payment systems that move crowdsourcing beyond a \u8220\'d2numbers game.\u8221\'d3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11366566 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11409835 Encourage clients to pay designers a fair wa
ge, and engage designers only after viewing their portfolio.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11301742
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4861655 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11409835 Given that crowdsourcing is unlikely to go away, the professional design community will have to continue to adjust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4861655 to this changing marketplace reality}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11409835 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4861655 A few ideas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11409835 as}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid16469807 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11409835 how design organizations might}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10964516 improve }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid3870909 this tense relationship}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid10964516 :
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4861655 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid5703822\charrsid11409835 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid10964516\charrsid11409835
Create spaces where novice/relatively inexperienced designers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid1463395\charrsid11409835 \endash especially those who may not be in traditional design programs \endash
can learn the tools of the trade and be mentored by expert designers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid6846310\charrsid11409835 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6846310\charrsid11409835 Encourage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6846310 designers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7540297 to collaborate with one another.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6846310 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14826982
Consider creating }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5703822 online tutorials and classes that provide individuals with a design education inexpensively.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14826982
Perhaps partner with existing crowdsourcing sites like Threadless to highlight the work of novice (and especially non-US) designers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1463395
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4861655 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid5703822\charrsid11409835 (2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid1463395\charrsid11409835
Educate the public as to why crowdsourcing sites may not yield the best results}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1463395 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6846310 Explain }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7540297
and illustrate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6846310 the value of design thinking and how brainstorming, research, and ideation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7540297 can improve design work.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11409835 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7569068 Moving}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11409835 beyond the \u8220\'d2no spec\u8221\'d3
argument to offer more concrete reasons why businesses should be wary about crowdsourcing their design work}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7569068
could help designers make the case for the need for more traditional design (and compensation) approaches}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11409835 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid6846310
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid4861655 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid1728545\charrsid11409835 (3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid5703822\charrsid11409835 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f24\insrsid6846310\charrsid11409835 Work to challenge existing intellectual property laws \endash
or at least encourage designers and organizations to consider alternative copyright schemes, such as Creative Commons licensing, to allow more flexibility for both designers and clients.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f24\insrsid5703822\charrsid11409835 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5703822 Remixing cultural and artistic elements has always been a part of design practice; recognizing this with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid11366566 a more reasoned approach to copyright would be beneficial for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11409835 all parties involved}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid11366566 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid14826982
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15672648 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14306203 There are several limitations to this study. The current research project focused on a relatively small
(albeit popular) portion of the crowdsourcing companies in operation. More work needs to be undertaken to unpack the ethical assumptions underpinning }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5455342 for-profit crowdsourcing, and especially those}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid329998 sites}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5455342 that tend to challenge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1458806 creative practice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid5455342 and potentially displace }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1458806 professional work}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5455342 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5339935 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5455342 t would be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5339935
useful to conduct a longer-term study with both designers and clients to understand their reasons for participating, and how these motivations may change over time. More work to uncover the local impacts that glo
bal work like crowdsourcing has on communities is needed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9965176 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid5339935 Ultimately, i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15672648 t is }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7569068 imperative}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15672648 that we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7569068 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid9965176 continue to }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7569068 examine }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid15672648 DIY/Web 2.0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7569068 phenomena for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13190965
their}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid7569068 impact on the creative professions instead of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14306203 simply championing the \u8220\'d2wisdom of the crowds\u8221\'d3 as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13190965 being}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14306203 inherently democratic and beneficia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid13190965 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14306203 . }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3232649
\par \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid14555082 About the A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\insrsid3232649\charrsid3232649 uthor
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid3232649 Adrienne Massanari is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Illinois-Chicago.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14555082 \sect }\sectd \ltrsect
\sbknone\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid14555082\sftnbj \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3897185 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24\alang1033 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid14826982
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3897185 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid8600846 \page }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\insrsid9271112 ADDIN EN.REFLIST }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796 References
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3897185 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796
{\*\bkmkstart _ENREF_1}99designs, 2010a. "About 99designs | 99designs," at }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK "http://99designs.com/about" }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b3600000068007400740070003a002f002f0039003900640065007300690067006e0073002e0063006f006d002f00610062006f00750074000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
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00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b68000000680074007400700073003a002f002f0039003900640065007300690067006e0073002e0063006f006d002f00680065006c0070002f0063006f006e00740065007300740068006f006c006400650072002f00
670075006900640065006c0069006e00650073000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f24\ul\cf17\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796 https://99designs.com/help/contestholder/guidelines}}}\sectd \ltrsect
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00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b68000000680074007400700073003a002f002f0039003900640065007300690067006e0073002e0063006f006d002f00680065006c0070002f0063006f006e0063006500700074006f0072006900670069006e006100
6c0069007400790070006f006c006900630079000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f24\ul\cf17\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796 https://99designs.com/help/conceptoriginalitypolicy}}}\sectd \ltrsect
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\par {\*\bkmkstart _ENREF_4}\emdash \emdash \emdash , 2012a. "About 99designs | 99designs," at }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK "http://99designs.com/about" }{
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00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b3600000068007400740070003a002f002f0039003900640065007300690067006e0073002e0063006f006d002f00610062006f00750074000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
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HYPERLINK "https://99designs.com/legal/design-transfer-agreement" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6c000000680074007400700073003a002f002f0039003900640065007300690067006e0073002e0063006f006d002f006c006500670061006c002f00640065007300690067006e002d007400720061006e0073006600
650072002d00610067007200650065006d0065006e0074000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f24\ul\cf17\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796 https://99designs.com/legal/design-transfer-agreement}}}
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\par {\*\bkmkstart _ENREF_6}\emdash \emdash \emdash , 2012c. "Logo Design | 100% Money Back Guarantee | 99designs." 99designs at }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796
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00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4200000068007400740070003a002f002f0039003900640065007300690067006e0073002e0063006f006d002f006c006f0067006f002d00640065007300690067006e000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1
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00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6c000000680074007400700073003a002f002f0039003900640065007300690067006e0073002e0063006f006d002f00680065006c0070002f0077006800610074002d006100720065002d006c006500760065006c00
73002d0061006e0064002d0070006f0069006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f24\ul\cf17\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796 https://99designs.com/help/what-are-levels-and-points}}}
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6f00660065007300730069006f006e0061006c005f00700072006100630074006900630065002f00610072007400690063006c00650073003100380036002e007000680070000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs18\f24\ul\cf17\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796 http://www.gdc.net/business/ethics_and_professional_practice/articles186.php}}}\sectd \ltrsect\sbknone\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid14555082\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1
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HYPERLINK "http://www.aiga.org/design-business-and-ethics/" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
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740068006900630073002f000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f24\ul\cf17\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796 http://www.aiga.org/design-business-and-ethics/}}}\sectd \ltrsect
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\par {\*\bkmkstart _ENREF_10}\emdash \emdash \emdash , 2011. "Aiga | Aquent Survey of Design Salaries 2011." AIGA at }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK "http://d
esignsalaries.org/?utm_source=det&utm_medium=link&utm_content=03&utm_campaign=sal-survey" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
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65002d0061002d0067007200610070006800690063002d00640065007300690067006e002d00620072006900650066002f000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f24\ul\cf17\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796
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00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c006f0067006f00640065007300690067006e006c006f00760065002e0063006f006d002f006c006f0067006f002d00640065007300690067006e00
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00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b9400000068007400740070003a002f002f0062006c006f0067002e006700720061006e00740062006c0061006b0065006d0061006e002e0063006f006d002f0032003000300038002f00310032002f00740065007800
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00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90bc600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006300680069006300610067006f006d00610067002e0063006f006d002f004300680069006300610067006f002d004d006100670061007a0069006e00
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5f006c006900730074002e0061007300700078000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f24\ul\cf17\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796 http://designers.designcrowd.com/designer_list.aspx}}}\sectd \ltrsect
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00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90bba00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00680075006600660069006e00670074006f006e0070006f00730074002e0063006f006d002f0032003000310031002f00300038002f00300031002f00
680075006600660069006e00670074006f006e002d0070006f00730074002d0070006f006c00690074006900630073002d00690063006f006e002d0063006f006e0074006500730074005f006e005f003900310035003300370034002e00680074006d006c000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
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\par {\*\bkmkstart _ENREF_66}Dmitri Siegel, 27 June 2006. "Designing Our Own Graves." Design Observer at }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796
HYPERLINK "http://observatory.designobserver.com/entry.html?entry=4307" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7800000068007400740070003a002f002f006f0062007300650072007600610074006f00720079002e00640065007300690067006e006f0062007300650072007600650072002e0063006f006d002f0065006e007400
720079002e00680074006d006c003f0065006e007400720079003d0034003300300037000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f24\ul\cf17\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796
http://observatory.designobserver.com/entry.html?entry=4307}}}\sectd \ltrsect\sbknone\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid14555082\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796
, accessed 1 July 2012.{\*\bkmkend _ENREF_66}
\par {\*\bkmkstart _ENREF_67}Amy Spencer, 2005. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796 Diy: The Rise of Lo-Fi Culture}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796 . London: Marion Boyars.{\*\bkmkend _ENREF_67}
\par {\*\bkmkstart _ENREF_68}Christopher Steiner, 22 January 2009. "The Creativity of Crowds." Forbes.com at }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796
HYPERLINK "http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2009/0216/062.html" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0066006f0072006200650073002e0063006f006d002f0066006f0072006200650073002f0032003000300039002f0030003200310036002f0030003600
32002e00680074006d006c000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f24\ul\cf17\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796 http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2009/0216/062.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\sbknone\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid14555082\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796 , accessed 15 June 2012.{\*\bkmkend _ENREF_68}
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\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796 HYPERLINK "http://www.electronicbookreview.com/thread/technocapitalism/voluntary" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0065006c0065006300740072006f006e006900630062006f006f006b007200650076006900650077002e0063006f006d002f0074006800720065006100
64002f0074006500630068006e006f006300610070006900740061006c00690073006d002f0076006f006c0075006e0074006100720079000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f24\ul\cf17\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796
http://www.electronicbookreview.com/thread/technocapitalism/voluntary}}}\sectd \ltrsect\sbknone\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid14555082\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0
\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796 , accessed 15 July 2012.{\*\bkmkend _ENREF_70}
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007400680072006500610064006c006500730073002e0063006f006d002f007400650072006d0073006f0066007500730065000000}}}{\fldrslt {
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\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796 , accessed 23 June 2012.{\*\bkmkend _ENREF_71}
\par {\*\bkmkstart _ENREF_72}\emdash \emdash \emdash , 2010. "Frequently Answered Questions." Threadless at }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796
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00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8600000068007400740070003a002f002f0073007500700070006f00720074002e007400680072006500610064006c006500730073002e0063006f006d002f006900630073002f0073007500700070006f0072007400
2f00640065006600610075006c0074002e006100730070003f006400650070007400490044003d00310035003100340030000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f24\ul\cf17\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796
http://support.threadless.com/ics/support/default.asp?deptID=15140}}}\sectd \ltrsect\sbknone\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid14555082\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796
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00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007400680072006500610064006c006500730073002e0063006f006d002f007300750062006d00690074007400650072006d0073002e00680074006d00
6c000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f24\ul\cf17\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796 http://www.threadless.com/submitterms.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\sbknone\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid14555082\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796 , accessed 27 June 2012.{\*\bkmkend _ENREF_73}
\par {\*\bkmkstart _ENREF_74}\emdash \emdash \emdash , 12 July 2012a. "At Comic-Con This Weekend? Come Visit Us at Booth 1617!," at }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796
HYPERLINK "http://www.threadless.com/news/925169/At_Comic_Con_this_weekend_Come_visit_us_at_booth_1617" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90bb800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007400680072006500610064006c006500730073002e0063006f006d002f006e006500770073002f003900320035003100360039002f00410074005f00
43006f006d00690063005f0043006f006e005f0074006800690073005f007700650065006b0065006e0064005f0043006f006d0065005f00760069007300690074005f00750073005f00610074005f0062006f006f00740068005f0031003600310037000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007400680072006500610064006c006500730073002e0063006f006d002f006c006f007600650073000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f24\ul\cf17\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796 http://www.threadless.com/loves}}}\sectd \ltrsect\sbknone\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid14555082\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
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HYPERLINK "http://www.threadless.com/submit" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007400680072006500610064006c006500730073002e0063006f006d002f007300750062006d00690074000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f24\ul\cf17\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796 http://www.threadless.com/submit}}}\sectd \ltrsect\sbknone\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid14555082\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
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HYPERLINK "http://www.threadless.com/news/718542/Threadless_Finch_s_Beer_Company_Making_Great_Together" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7874037\charrsid9266796 {\*\datafield
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\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f24\ul\cf17\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796 http://www.threadless.com/news/718542/Threadless_Finch_s_Beer_Company_Making_Great_Together}}}\sectd \ltrsect
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Discourse Studies: A Multidisciplinary Introduction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796 . pp. 1-5. {\*\bkmkend _ENREF_78}
\par {\*\bkmkstart _ENREF_79}Etienne Wenger, 1998. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796\charrsid9266796 Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3897185 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\alang1024 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9266796
\par }}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3897185 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24\alang1033 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033
\sectd \ltrsect\sbknone\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid14555082\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f24\insrsid1186418\charrsid13051383
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